PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 11

When the transition of information from WM to LTM is analyzed, some factors are seemed to be influential. Among these factors, originality means that if the new piece of information appeals to a person, transfer to LTM becomes faster. The way the information is presented matters more than what the information actually is. The correct option is E.

Learning through observation, as described by social-cognitive learning theory, is realized via four steps; which are attention, retention, production and motivation. The correct option is B.

According to social learning theory, the main factors determining psychological development are environment and cognitive processes. And, Bandura’s cognitive-social learning model relies on behavior, cognition (individual) and environment. The correct option is D.

Instantaneous and temporary changes in behavior are not considered learning. The correct answer is E.

Time is not one of the components of the learning process. The learning process is grounded on five main components: learner, what is learned, learning strategy, learning support (if any), and learning environment. The correct answer is D.

The pupil regulates the amount of light according to its brightness (by contracting and dilating). You can think of your eye as a camera. Light enters the eye through its pupil, focuses on the cornea and lenses, and then reaches the rods and cones, the receptor cells on the retina. The correct option is D.

Placebo effect: It is a term used to explain how some individuals recover from illnesses by taking fake medicine without receiving a real treatment. They take fake medicine thinking that they are real, so they believe that they are receiving medical treatment.

Toddlerhood is the period from 18-24 months to 36 months of age. This is the time for toddlers to explore the environment both physically and psychologically. This period functions as a kind of bridge between infancy and early childhood. The correct answer is E.

Early childhood is the period that has been described usually as preschool time. During this period, children typically follow a certain developmental path in terms of different aspects of development. They usually tend to become self-sufficient, since they learn and start to use social cues and rules in this period. The correct answer is D.

Early adulthood is the period from 20s to late 30s. Individuals in this period go through the following phases: becoming a member of the ‘adult world’ by having a job, making money and becoming economically independent, having romantic relationships to form a family, and have kids, etc.. The correct answer is C.

In contrast with psychoanalytic theories, Cognitive theories put an emphasis on processes on conscious level. The correct answer is A.

Among Cognitive Developmental Stages, an adolescent begins to think and understand abstract concepts and events in a more complex and reasonable way in Formal Operational stage. The correct answer is B.

Shape Constancy is the recognition that the shape of an object remains the same when the orientation of that object is changed. The correct answer is E.

Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between the child’s own perspective and the perspective of others. The correct answer is D.

Self-efficacy is one’s belief in his/her own capability and ability to accomplish something. The correct answer is A.

Personal fable is the feeling of uniqueness and invulnerability. The correct answer is B.

Adolescents in 'Identity moratorium' this status experience a crisis that has been going on, but their commitment might be weak or they do not show any commitment. The correct answer is C.

Under normal circumstances, we basically follow the same developmental path across years. We produce our first words around 12 months of age, we increasingly explore the environment around 2 years of age, we start to acquire abstract thinking around the begining of puberty, we have an increased need for affiliation with social agents around adulthood, and if we are lucky to live enough, we experience the physical, cognitive and emotional changes of aging in the final phase.

Multidimensional component: Human development is multidimensional; that is, it includes many different aspects which can influence one another. Thinking patterns, emotional states, perception on relationships, etc., might change with age, and any change in one area might affect another change in another area.

Cognitive Processes: Cognitive processes arise from the mental state of an individual, such as thought, memory, attention, language acquisition, etc., Whatever an individual does during mental processing can affect the change in cognitive processes, and, in turn, human development. For example; memorizing names, solving Sudoku puzzle or any other cognitive task, using cognitive map on the roads as a taxi driver influence the change in cognitive processes.