PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 10

Early adulthood is the period from 20s to late 30s. Individuals in this period go through the following phases: becoming a member of the ‘adult world’ by having a job, making money and becoming economically independent, having romantic relationships to form a family, and have kids, etc.

Stability vs Change: To what extent do ones early characteristics and patterns continue for the rest of one’s life? This is the question of stability vs change debate. Stability part highlights the importance of heredity and exposure to environmental in early life. Change part emphasis the importance of experiences later in life might also influence the outcome of human being. Thus, who you were does not necessarily affect who you will be.

Cognitive Theories: In contrast with psychoanalytic theories, Cognitive theories put an emphasis on processes on conscious level. Important cognitive theories are Cognitive Developmental Theory developed by Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Socio-Cultural Cognitive Theory developed by Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934). According to Piaget’s theory, children follow four developmental stages: the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage. During these stages; two processes help children to construct their mind: and shape their way of thinking about the world as they go through these stages: organization and adaptation. Each stage represents a distinct way of thinking, and a child adopts a different way of thinking in each stage.

Reflexes Infants are born with basic reflexes, which are uncontrolled- automatic reactions to external stimuli. All reflexes have a survival value.

At the age of 18-24 months, which is called the substage of internalization of schemes, babies are able to use mental representations and symbols.

Egocentrism refers to not being able to differentiate between child’s own perspective and other’s perspective. Children gradually gain the capability to see other individual’s perspective, and distinguish between two perspectives.

Especially four distinct areas in the brain are important to be mentioned during adolescence. The first one is prefrontal cortex, which is the “decision’’ part of the brain. It is responsible for decision making, logic, reasoning and many other aspects. This part keeps on developing until early adulthood.

Esteem: This level covers the need for the appreciation of value, achievement and respect.

The correct choice is B.

Adolescence

Middle adulthood

Problems experienced in early developmental periods have negative influences on one's future life.

Observable and quantifiable behaviors should be taken into account to understand human development.

Holding up a toy

Actions or mental representations to organize information.

Concerete operations

It merely indicates the physical changes in adolescence period.

Identity moratorium

Integrity vs despair

The definition of learning is the change in a behavior that has to be a result of an organism’s own experience. This emphasis puts factors about a learner (organism) in front of all other factors because they are directly definitive over learning. These factors include species-specific readiness, maturing, arousal, transfer, motivation, cognitive readiness, physical fit, and active participation. The correct answer is E.