PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 5

Humans are sensitive to mostly four tactile sensations: pressure (touch), pain, warmth and cold.

Direct measurement is a term used for measuring the target features without any influence from other variables. In this measurement type, the features of the variable to be measured and the measurement tool are of the same kind. The correct answer is E.

Casual Knowledge is not based on theory and not a product of scientific method. Moreover, it not a kind of knowledge that is obtained after a plan. These are actually the features of scientific knowledge. That is why A, C and E are all incorrect.

B is also incorrect since ‘casual knowledge’ is the type which is not necessarily organized. However, scientific knowledge accumulates systematically and therefore, the correct answer is D.

Finding a research subject is the first stage of psychological research process because it is impossible to carry out a research before specifying what to search.

After determining the problem, comprehensive information regarding the subject is gathered and the given description belongs to the stage which is called as ‘gathering information about the problem’. This information is organized from general to specific. The correct answer is C.

Reliability is a degree which indicates that the measurement instrument is free from mistakes. In order to secure reliability, the measurement instrument should be objective, it should provide similar results on repeated measurements, and the number of materials (questions) should be adequate and compatible. Therefore, the correct answer is E.

The given characteristics belong to Experimental Research among all quantitative research designs. The correct answer is A.

Single-Subject Research is one of the quantitative research designs. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Document analysis is used in data collection and analysis in qualitative research and it refers to analyzing written and visual materials containing information about the target phenomena or events. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

In transformative mixed method, quantitative data is converted into an appropriate form to be analyzed qualitatively, or qualitative data is transformed into some kind of statistical values to be analyzed quantitatively. For example, if we identify the psychological problems of the workers through interviews, then we have to convert this data into quantitative form such as frequency, or percentage. The correct answer is A.

Science ethics is the field where value problems encountered in scientific activities and their solutions are discussed and where researchers can find the principles they need to abide as they conduct their studies. A, B, C and E are those four main ethical principles that researchers have to follow. However recording the data during the interviews is one of the technical rules in data collection and analysis process in qualitative research. The correct answer is D.

Psychology is a discipline which studies both human and animal behavior.

Describing refers to identifying how behaviour occurs. Explaining refers to uncovering the causes of behaviour. Predicting refers to foreseeing the behaviour in different conditions. Controlling refers to changing the behaviour by changing its causes. Improving refers to using psychological explanations to promote humans’ wellbeing.

Psychology separated from philosophy and became a discipline on its own right in the late nineteenth century. It has come to be accepted as an independent discipline with the foundation of its own laboratory and development of its own methodology.

Philosophy

Study of nature of existence, reality, knowledge, language, morality

Sociology

Study of human social relationships, structures, institutions, politics

Anthropology

Study of humans’ culture and physical body in the past and present

Biology

Study of nature of living organisms and life

Physiology

Study of physical and chemical processes in living organism

Medicine

Study of diagnosing and treating the diseases and maintaining the health

Computer Science

Study of computers systems, designs, computations, data processing

Materialism is a philosophical approach, which rejected the idea of mind and body as separate entities. According to materialism, the mind is not something spiritual or nonphysical. The mind is just a part of the body. That is, the roots of the mind can be found in the body.

Beginning of modern psychology dates back to the late nineteenth century, when Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) founded first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany

Since the beginning of psychology, there have been different approaches to the study of human behavior. These approaches provided a variety of viewpoints for psychology to understand complicated human behavior better. Although some of these approaches (structuralism and functionalism) are not valid today, each made valuable contribution to the development of psychology as an independent discipline.

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990), saw both humans and animals as empty organisms behaving like machines. He introduced instrumental (operant) learning and the concepts of reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement refers to the conditions where the behavior occurs again because the obtained stimulus is positive (e.g., good treatment). Punishment refers to the conditions where the behavior is not likely to occur again because the obtained stimulus is negative (e.g., bad treatment).

Gestalt psychology suggests that psychology should consider the whole in order to understand its parts because the whole of anything is greater than its parts.