PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 20

The human behavior has always drawn the interest of scholars from other disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, anthropology, biology, physiology, medicine, and computer science.

Philosophy Study of nature of existence, reality, knowledge, language, morality

Sociology Study of human social relationships, structures, institutions, politics

Anthropology Study of humans’ culture and physical body in the past and present

Biology Study of nature of living organisms and life

Physiology Study of physical and chemical processes in living organism

Medicine Study of diagnosing and treating the diseases and maintaining the health

Computer Science Study of computers systems, designs, computations, data processing

the human behavior has always drawn the interest of scholars from other disciplines such as philosophy, sociology, anthropology, biology, physiology, medicine, and computer science. From these disciplines ,anthropology; study of humans’ culture and physical body in the past and present.

Psychoanalysis approach, founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), suggested that psychology should study human mind by discovering the unconscious processes.

With the use of introspection, researchers attempted to analyze the basic elements of consciousness (sensations) in laboratory experiments. In these experiments, trained participants shared their internal experiences of sensations, perceptions, and reactions to the stimuli in the environment. In this way, researchers of structuralism aimed to understand what are in the mind (rather than how or why the mind works).

Materialism is a philosophical approach, which rejects the idea of mind and body as separate entities. According to materialism, the mind is not something spiritual or nonphysical. The mind is just a part of the body. That is, the roots of the mind can be found in the body. This implies that working of the mind can be explained through the working of the body. This also implies that internal psychological processes are understood by exploring the physical principles of the body.

Beginning of modern psychology dates back to the late nineteenth century, when Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) founded first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany

Clinical psychology studies the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive problems in humans. It aims to understand the determinants of psychological disorders such as stress, depression, anxiety, and phobia. Clinical psychologists develop measures to recognize people with behavioral adjustment problems.

Cognitive perspective suggested that psychology should study how mental processes influence the human behavior. According to cognitive perspective, how humans process the information or the stimuli in the environment influence how they behave. It suggests that humans’ thoughts and interpretations of information and stimuli shape their behaviors.

Gestalt is used in psychology in the meaning of pattern or configuration8. Gestalt psychology was a reaction against structuralism, which attempted to divide human experience or consciousness into its elements. According to Gestalt psychology, individual elements of any experience cannot explain the experience itself. This approach argued that the human mind organizes the experience in the way that is not reducible to the sum of its parts. It suggested that elements of any experience interact with each other and humans perceive a pattern or a whole of these interactions, which takes place across time and/or space

Consumer psychology studies human behavior in the context of marketing. It aims to understand determinants of purchasing behavior. Consumer psychology examines how motivation, perception, learning, attitudes, personality etc. influence people’s buying behavior and their use of products.

The trichromatic theory is based on the idea that the light of a particular wave length stimulates the three different receptor mechanisms, each with different spectral sensitivities (also called Young – Helmhotz theory of color vision). These three colors are red, green, and blue.

Texture Gradient: Elements that are equally spaced in a scene appear to be more closely packed as distance increases.

Occlusion: This is a result of nearer objects covering up part of farther objects.

Linear perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge in depth.

Oculomotor cues are based on our ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in our eye muscles.

There are four principles of law of proximity that the Gestalt psychologists proposed to explain how perceptual grouping occurs: Grouping by (a) proximity; (b) common region; (c) connectedness and (d) synchrony.

Olfactory adaptation is the reduction in response to a continuing smell.

Human ear consists of three parts inner, outer and middle ear. Sound travels at a constant speed in the air. A sound wave is defined by three components: frequency, amplitude and phase.

The animals, which have a highly developed sense of smell are macrosmatic.

Humans are sensitive to mostly four tactile sensations: pressure (touch), pain, warmth and cold.