PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 2

Abraham Maslow classified the needs shaping human behavior in the form of a pyramid; placing the most basic ones at the bottom step and the most complex ones at the top. While basic physiological needs such as hunger and thirst are placed at the bottom step, the top step houses self-realization, which is about individuals’ using all their potentials, as the highest level need in the hierarchy.

Bodily needs such as hunger, thirst and sex create a state of tension or arousal called drive.

Some people feel the need to control the events and people nearby. Fatalism, which means waiting for the consequences of events, is more dominant in some societies. On the other hand, other societies want to control the situation and reach the desired consequences.

The physiological changes in the body in relation to emotions are also used for the working principles of a lie detector. Unusual increase in heartbeat, dry mouth and similar physiological reactions are the signs of excitement, and they are used to make decisions about whether a person is lying or not.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the bottom level to the top can
be listed as follows respectively:
• basic physiological needs such as hunger,
thirst, breathing, sexuality and sleeping
• the need for safety for family, job and
properties
• social needs related to love and belonging
such as family, social groups, close friendship
• the need for the appreciation of value,
achievement and respect
• self-actualization which covers the superiority
of morality, creativity and problem solution

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is criticized because of some exceptions observed in practical terms. To illustrate with, although some families have difficulties in meeting their first level physiological needs due to financial problems, they might satisfy their “being together” need, which is a need at a higher level. In other words, despite financial problems, a family may succeed in being together. In addition, a person brought up in a family giving importance to education may spend his money on books rather than on food even if he is hungry.

Plutchik developed “Wheel of Emotion” by placing emotions according to some criteria. As shown in figure 3.2, the neighboring emotions are similar while those at the opposite ends are opposite emotions; for instance anticipation surprise, joy-sadness etc. In addition, it is possible to have different emotions by combining different emotions in the “Wheel of Emotion”. To illustrate,

• joy and anticipation = optimism
• acceptance and fear = submission
• surprise and sadness = disproval
• anger and disgust = contempt
• joy and acceptance = love
• anticipation and anger = aggressiveness
• fear and surprise = Awe (dread ?*)
• disgust and sadness = remorse

Secondary gestures and mimics involve non-social body movements associated with body needs such as yawning, sneezing and coughing. They can give cluesabout the source as well. For instance, yawning many times can reflect the reactions of the individual to an ongoing speech.

In cognitive theory, what makes emotions different is our cognitive value judgments that we attribute to emotions. Cognitive theories involve mental processes such as recalling and how we perceive and think, and these affect how emotions emerge. In short, cognitive factors play an important role in how our emotions differ and change from person to person.

Some of the fundamental characteristics of science are as follows:

• It is objective

• It focuses on the reality in nature

• It is systematic and organized

• It is cumulative

• It is replicable

Philosophy tries to discover what should be, but science focuses on analyzing the relations that exist in nature.

Physical sciences, also called natural sciences, is the general name for the branches of science such as physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, botany, and physiology. The social sciences include sub-branches such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, ethnology, economics, and law.

Physical sciences, also called natural sciences, is the general name for the branches of science such as physics, chemistry, biology, zoology, botany, and physiology. The social sciences include sub-branches such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, ethnology, economics, and law.

Law, a general outcome of physical sciences, is a scientific rule that holds true under all circumstances.

Mathematics, computer and information sc., physical sc., chemical sc., Earth and environmental sc., Biological sc. are all examples of natural sciences.

History and archeology, languages and literature philosophy, ethics,religion, art are some examples for humanities.

Some general characteristics of casual knowledge is as follows:

-Is based on personal intuition 

-Accumulates mostly on its own 

-Is directed towards instant personal needs

-Is relevant to personal decision-making

-Is relevant to reaching a general truth

-Is mostly biased 

-Includes personal desires and subjective comments

-Is not necessarily organized

The research problem should be researchable, observable, measurable, and assessable.

A hypothesis is the prediction of the results of a research.

Quantitative research uses deductive method but qualitative research employs inductive method.

In order to understand behavior, psychology holds five aims: to describe, to explain, to predict, to control, and to improve the behavior. Punishing is NOT one of these aims.