PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 16

The pupil regulates the amount of light according to its brightness (by contracting and dilating). The correct answer is C.

The role of receptor cells is to convert the light energy into neural messages. The correct answer is D.

At the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no photoreceptors, so the reflected light cannot be processed. For this reason, this point is called
the blind spot. The correct answer is E.

Humanbeings can see many colors, but they only have 3 types of cones that receive information about color: red, green, and blue. The correct answer is A.

There are four principles of law of proximity that the Gestalt psychologists proposed to explain how perceptual grouping occurs: Grouping by (a) proximity; (b) common region; (c) connectedness and (d) synchrony. The correct answer is B.

A sound wave is defined by three components: frequency, amplitude and phase. The correct answer is C.

The animals, which have a highly developed sense of smell are called macrosmatic. The correct answer is D.

The rods and cones are  the receptor cells on the retina. The correct answer is A.

Spiritaulity

Philosophy of science (epistemology) is a subfield of philosophy. Epistemology is a thinking act about the basic principles of a science or a scientific field.3 The most striking similarity between science and philosophy is that both generates knowledge. This knowledge aims to help individuals understand themselves, their environment, the world, and even the universe. The answer is B.

Interestingly enough, there are also significant differences between science and philosophy. Philosophy asks questions, and strives to unfold the answers by reasoning but not by way of senses. On the contrary, science pursues its quest to find answers by using senses and the scientific methods to be mentioned below. Second, philosophy tries to discover what should be, but science focuses on analyzing the relations that exist in nature. Lastly, science has to either prove or refute the knowledge that it produces. However, philosophy does not need to prove any piece of knowledge that it produces. Science is objective, it focuses on the reality in nature and it is systematic, organized, cumulative and replicable. The answer is C.

Applied research studies, on the other hand, produce suggestions for practice based on the findings of fundamental research. For instance, scholars working in the field of psychology have determined that rewarding has a positive influence on changing human behaviors. This is a finding obtained by fundamental research studies. Based on this knowledge, scholars specializing on educational sciences have been investigating ways to change undesired student behaviors via use of reward mechanism; and this is an example of applied research study. The answer is B.

Casual Knowledge is based on personal intuition, it accumulates mostly on its own,  It is directed towards instant personal needs, ıt is relevant to personal decision-making Is relevant to reaching a general truth, it is mostly biased,  Includes personal desires and subjective comments and  it is not necessarily organized. The answer is D.

It is impossible to carry out a research before specifying what to search. The research can be about anything as long as the researcher’s characteristics, the topic to be examined, and the technical conditions are suitable. However; it is preferred that the study be based on a need. While deciding on a subject, the researcher may benefit from his/her own observations, resource person and publications or theoretical knowledge. As an example, let’s take the following as the subject of our research: ‘Problems of workers working at a workplace’. The answer is B.

Human behavior is multifaceted and complicated and psychology attempts to look at it from different viewpoints. In order to understand behavior, psychology holds five aims: to describe, to explain, to predict, to control, and to improve the behavior.

Psychology separated from philosophy and became a discipline on its own right in the late nineteenth century. It has come to be accepted as an independent discipline with the foundation of its own laboratory and development of its own methodology.

Other disciplines interested in human behavior Philosophy Study of nature of existence, reality, knowledge, language, morality Sociology Study of human social relationships, structures, institutions, politics Anthropology Study of humans’ culture and physical body in the past and present Biology Study of nature of living organisms and life Physiology Study of physical and chemical processes in living organism Medicine Study of diagnosing and treating the diseases and maintaining the health Computer Science Study of computers systems, designs, computations, data processing.

Empiricism is a philosophical approach about how humans acquire knowledge. It suggests that humans come to the world with empty minds, which is called a tabula rasa or a blank slate. According to this approach, humans gain knowledge later in their life with their senses and through experience.

Behaviorism approach, emerged in the USA, suggested that psychology should study the observable behavior. Behaviorism was influenced by functionalism and empiricism7. It emphasized the relationship between behavior and environment. It suggested that psychology should question what happens in people’s environment and how they behave accordingly. That is, how the environment shapes the behavior. The studies by Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) and Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) influenced the development of behaviorism. Edward Thorndike searched the animal behavior and defined law of effect.

Gestalt psychology was a reaction against structuralism, which attempted to divide human experience or consciousness into its elements. According to Gestalt psychology, individual elements of any experience cannot explain the experience itself. This approach argued that the human mind organizes the experience in the way that is not reducible to the sum of its parts. It suggested that elements of any experience interact with each other and humans perceive a pattern or a whole of these interactions, which takes place across time and/or space.