PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 15

Social psychology studies human behavior in relation with others’ behavior. It aims to understand how others influence humans’ behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Social psychology has played a very important role in the development of psychology since the early twentieth century and interested in a large variety of subjects. Social identities and group and inter-group dynamics, interpersonal relationships, family and close relationships, aggression, helping behavior, crowd behavior, conformity, attitude formation and change, gender, ideological beliefs and voting behavior are some of the well-known subjects which social psychology studies.

Clinical psychology studies the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive problems in humans. It aims to understand the determinants of psychological disorders such as stress, depression, anxiety, and phobia. Clinical psychologists develop measures to recognize people with behavioral adjustment problems. They also develop and apply measures to help people with psychological problems to do better. Some clinical psychologists work as psychotherapists in hospitals or mental health clinics.

Psychoanalysis approach, founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), suggested that psychology should study human mind by discovering the unconscious processes (Photo1.3). Sigmund Freud was a neurologist and observed and talked with people having psychological problems. He concluded that early life experiences, which people are mostly unaware of, play an important role in the development of these problems. He proposed a theory of personality development and a method of psychotherapy. He suggested that humans have sexual and aggressive drives, which affect the development of personality. He explained that the expressions of sexual and aggressive drives are punished in childhood and people experience conflict and anxiety. In order to cope with such conflict and anxiety, humans tend to keep their childhood experiences in unconscious mind. Sigmund Freud proposed a free-association technique, which aims to make people with psychological problems aware of their anxious childhood experiences.

Measurement instruments used to collect data must be reliable and valid. It is inevitable to make mistakes about measurement in psychology studies. The aim is to minimize those possible mistakes. Reliability is a degree which indicates that the measurement instrument is free from mistakes. In order to secure reliability, the measurement instrument should be objective, it should provide similar results on repeated measurements, and the number of materials (questions) should be adequate and compatible. The answer is D.

Gestalt psychology, known with names, Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967), Kurt Koffka (1886-1941), emerged in Germany in the early twentieth century.

There are descriptive, correlational,causal-comparative  and Experimantal Research designs in Quantitative Research Paradigm. The answer is B.

Negative correlation can be expected between inflation and purchasing power: Either purchasing power can decrease with an increase in inflation or inflation can increase with a decrease in purchasing power (Negative correlation). The older people get, the more health problems they have, so as age increases, health decreases. The answer is E.

Ethnography: As one of the fundamental research designs for anthropology, ethnography is currently utilized in other social study domains as well. It focuses on the definition and analysis of cultural components (such as social structure, function, behavior, value, and norm) as much as on personal perceptions and behaviors. For example, we sometimes see that some researchers in documentaries start living with the members of a tribe in order to get to know and understand their culture better. This kind of studies are examples for ethnography. The answer is A.

There are four main ethical principles that researchers have to follow:

• Not harming the participants

• Granting written consent from the participants

• Preserving confidentiality

• Avoiding scientific deception.Plagiarism is defined in option B so the answer is B.

The main principle of perception is based on electrical signals that are created in the receptors in our nervous system. Transduction is the transformation of one form of energy into another form of energy. After transforming energy into electrical signals, neurons are activated. The correct option is C.

Sensation includes the information contained in the enviromental stimuli that are captured by the relevant sensory system and transmitted to the brain. Perception, on the other hand, is the process of analyzing, recognizing, interpreting, and organizing this information. The correct option is B.

The role of receptor cells is to convert the light energy into neural messages. The correct option is E.

The stimuli are transmitted to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus first through the optic nerve and then to the visual cortex, after processing in the eye network system. At the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, there are no photoreceptors, so the reflected light cannot be processed. For this reason, this point is called the blind spot. The correct option is B.

The trichromatic theory is based on the idea that the light of a particular wave length stimulates the three different receptor mechanisms, each with different spectral sensitivities (also called Young – Helmhotz theory of color vision). These three colors are red, green, and blue. Each of these color-sensitive cone cells has different degrees of sensitivity, with blue cones being the most sensitive and red cones being the least. This activity pattern results in the perception of color. The correct option is D.

Monocular pictorial cues are the source of depth information. Occlusion is a result of nearer objects covering up part of farther objects. The correct option is A.

There are four principles of law of proximity that the Gestalt psychologists proposed to explain how perceptual grouping occurs: Grouping by (a) proximity; (b) common region; (c) connectedness and (d) synchrony. 

(a) Proximity occurs when things that are near each other appear to be grouped together. (b) Elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together. This is called principle of common region. (c) The principle of uniform connectedness states that a connected region of visual properties, such as lightness, color, texture, or motion is perceived as a single unit. (c) The principle of synchrony states that visual events that occur at the same time are perceived as belonging together.

The correct option is A.

The middle ear contains three bones: anvil, stirrup and hammer. The correct option is C.

Losing the ability to smell is called anosmia. People who suffer from anosmia show us the importance of smell since these people also lose their ability to taste many foods. The reason for that is the close connection between smell and flavor. The correct option is E.

II-IV-I-III-V

A complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be learned. Stereotype behavior patterns of all the species are called instinct.