PSİKOLOJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 14

Homeostasis It refers to a biological balance displaying an internal stable condition regarding how and how much food will be taken by the organism.

Hypothalamus is the center directing the reactions related to hunger in the body. It also controls eating process as hunger and thirst control center.

Chemical messengers such as testosterone hormone secreted into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands strongly influence the human sex drive for both men and women. Testosterone level alone does not determine sexual desire (Morris, 1996). Some people have active interest in sex in spite of their low testosterone level. In addition to hormones controlled by the central nerve system, the smell of a perfume, a sexuality-based advertisement and erotic dreams are among the factors affecting the emergence of sexual behavior. Moral values and rules of a society determine the pattern and density of sexual behavior.

While social acceptance need, which is about social approval and living in harmony with others without disturbing them, is more dominant in Turkish culture, independence need is more influential in American society, which states that individual do not need anybody to survive.

The needs from the bottom level to the top can be listed as follows respectively: • basic physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, breathing, sexuality and sleeping • the need for safety for family, job and properties • social needs related to love and belonging such as family, social groups, close friendship • the need for the appreciation of value, achievement and respect • self-actualization which covers the superiority of morality, creativity and problem solution.

Intense emotions such as rage or fear cause some physiological changes in the body. For instance, when we are afraid of something, our heart beats faster, our mouth gets dry, we sweat, shiver, and feel heartburn in the stomach. Most of these physiological reactions of the body occur when the sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system activates. The following are changes in the sympathetic nervous system • The heart beats faster and breathing gets quicker • The pupils get bigger • Saliva excretion stops • In order to be used in case of emergency, more blood is directed to skeleton muscles to coordinate movements and to brain for decision making processes - instead of to stomach or intestines • Blood sugar becomes more intense in the blood to provide energy • Blood clots faster.

Placebo effect It is a term used to explain how some individuals recover from illnesses by taking fake medicine without receiving a real treatment. They take fake medicine thinking that they are real, so they believe that they are receiving medical treatment.

Aiming to cover the weaknesses of JamesLange theory, Cannon-Bard theory argues that emotions and behaviors are simultaneous. Where there is any kind of stimulant nearby, thalamus is activated. While nerve system is stimulated to induce physiological changes, a signal is sent to the cortex to start the process of being aware of emotion-related experience.

Stimulant-based motives, which are examples of unlearned motives, mainly depend on external stimulants and aim to obtain information from nearby environment. Motives such as curiosity and scrutiny direct individuals to search and change nearby environment.

Motive It is a general term covering wishes,needs, drives and interests that induce an organism to act towards a purpose.

Incentives refer to non-biological elements that appeal to an individual even if he does not feel any need and trigger him for an action accordingly.

Stereotype behavior patterns of all the species are called instinct.

Homeostasis It refers to a biological balance displaying an internal stable condition regarding how and how much food will be taken by the organism.

Primary Motives refer to common and unlearned drives that emerge due to biological needs and direct human behaviors accordingly.

The needs from the bottom level to the top can be listed as follows respectively:
• basic physiological needs such as hunger, thirst, breathing, sexuality and sleeping
• the need for safety for family, job and properties
• social needs related to love and belonging such as family, social groups, close friendship
• the need for the appreciation of value, achievement and respect
• self-actualization which covers the superiority of morality, creativity and problem solution

Intense emotions such as rage or fear cause some physiological changes in the body. For instance, when we are afraid of something, our heart beats faster, our mouth gets dry, we sweat, shiver, and feel heartburn in the stomach.

Schematic gestures and mimics: The movements of theater players and pantomime performers can be classified in this group. The job-related movements are also in this group, such as the movements of brokers in a stock exchange.

Secondary gestures and mimics: They involve non-social body movements associated with body needs such as yawning, sneezing and coughing. They can give clues about the source as well. For instance, yawning many times can reflect the reactions of the individual to an ongoing speech.

Epistemology is a thinking act about the basic principles of a science or a scientific field.

Measurement refers to symbolic representation, especially digital, of the characteristics, qualities, and objects—in other words, the variables—through observation.