POLİTİKA BİLİMİ

Politics as part of society also includes many other groups that try to change government policies and actions. These might be pressure groups, interest groups, individual businesses, and corporations.

The first modern political parties were formed at the end of the 18th century.

Most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.

Another system is what is called a parallel electoral system. In parallel systems, voters elect the candidate and the party separately. This is done either with one ballot or two separate ballots. Countries using parallel systems include Armenia, Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine.

George Gallup, Archibald Crossley and Elmo Roper developed modern-day opinion polling in the early 1930s.

Older democracies in Latin America include countries such as Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay.

Cultural and historical factors that have shaped interest groups systems in Latin America include socioeconomic inequalities, elitist politics, a tradition of authoritarianism, a political culture of family and personal loyalties, and external influences.

Mali uses a civil legal system based on French civil law.

Japan uses a civil legal system based on German model.

Countries such as Paraguay and Bolivia are the least-developed countries. Such countries in Latin America as Peru, Ecuador and Columbia are in the middle of the spectrum with advances in their interest group systems, yet some aspects are still unsuccessful. Newer democracies in Latin America are more likely to have weaker or less effectual interest group systems.

The term “political party” means a group with a unified goal to fill political jobs and support particular ideas.

Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links. These types of parties are mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally cadre parties only function for a limited time during election periods

Mass parties, which started in the 20th century, are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members. A difference between mass parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to  appeal to a large number of people. Mass parties have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology. Members usually fund mass parties.

Typically, pressure groups are broken into four categories: promotional, sectional, insider, outsider.

Researchers have found that the main way that people get information about political and social issues is the media. Therefore, the media has an important role in shaping public opinion. Studies have shown the more the media covers an issue the more important it seems to the individual. Additionally, how an issue is covered also gives people ideas for how they should feel about the issue. This is known as framing. For example, if a story is written with a negative feel or the focus is on the problems of an issue, the public is more likely to have a negative feeling about the issue

In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.

In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.

In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.

In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.

The second most common type of electoral system used in democracies is single-member plurality (SMP). In SMP the candidate who gets the most votes wins the election. Countries such as Egypt, Canada, Great Britain, the United States, and Yemen use a type of SMP system. Approximately 26% of the democracies use this type of system for their lower chamber.