POLİTİKA BİLİMİ

There are as many different political landscapes as there are countries around the world. Generally speaking though, most political systems include three main components: citizens, government, and nongovernmental organizations. Namely, the correct answer is option C.

The first modern political parties were formed at the end of the 18th century. The term “political party” means a group with a unified goal to fill political jobs and support particular ideas. So, the correct answer is C.

There are two main types of parties: cadre and mass. Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively weak communication links. Thus, the correct answer is stated in option E.

There are two main types of parties: cadre and mass. Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links. These types of parties are mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally cadre parties only function for a limited time during election periods (Saribay, 2016; Lawson 2003).
Mass parties, which started in the 20th century, are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members. A difference between mass parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to appeal to a large number of people. Mass parties have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology. Members usually fund mass parties (Saribay, 2016; Lawson 2003).
Political parties differ greatly. In the United States, political parties tend to be open and
inclusive. Anyone can join any party. The two main political parties in the United States are the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Members in either party can agree or disagree with the party opinion of any issues. This freedom to disagree with the party message in the United States is clear when we analyze the candidates nominated by each party. Though Republicans are considered conservative and Democrats are considered liberal, candidates’ views on any particular issue can range from conservative to liberal and anywhere in between (Grigsby, 2009; Katz and Mair, 1995).
Political parties in other types of democracies differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries and their major political parties. In this list there are countries that have a high number of political parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties, Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with 32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.

According to these information, the correct answer is given in option D.

Proportional Representation (PR) is the most common type of electoral system in democracies. PR is similar to SMP. Under PR, the person or party gets a share of the available offices based on the percentage of votes. So, the correct answer is option B.

Election participation around the world differs
a lot.Things that affect voter participation (voter
turnout) include population size, population
changes, demographics (like, age, income, race
and ethnicity), political socialization, economic
development, and even weather. Other issues
that can affect voter turnout are the closeness of
the political race, the political importance of the
issues, money spent on the campaign by political
parties, the candidate (personality, fame), and the
number of parties running. Hence, language can not be one of the concepts that affect the voting performance.

The scientific use of public opinion polling
is based on the laws of probability. The laws of
probability suggest that if everything is treated
equally, any object among a group of objects has
the same chance of being selected as any other
object in the group. In this context, the correct answer is stated in option C.

Studies have shown the more the media covers an issue
the more important it seems to the individual.
Additionally, how an issue is covered also gives
people ideas for how they should feel about the
issue. This is known as framing. For example, if a
story is written with a negative feel or the focus is on
the problems of an issue, the public is more likely
to have a negative feeling about the issue. Therefore, the correct answer is given in option A.

Researchers have found that the main way that
people get information about political and social
issues is the media. Other influences of public opinion include
elites, political parties, interest groups, political
figures, social and spiritual or religious institutions. According to this, the correct answer is option E.

Typically, pressure groups are broken into
four categories: promotional, sectional, insider,
outsider. Promotional groups are also referred to
as causal groups because they usually promote one
specific cause. Namely, the correct answer is B.

Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. These types of parties are mostly funded by the wealthy.

China has 1 political party.

Turkey has the highest threshold of 10% among 30 countries.

Canada uses a type of SMP (single-member plurality) electoral system in the elections while Bolivia, Germany, New Zealand, and Hungary use a PR (proportional representation system) electoral system.

In parallel systems, voters elect the candidate and the party separately.

The weather may influence voter participation but not an individual’s political opinion.

An individual’s political opinion can be influenced by family preferences, education, opinions of friends, and media exposure.

Promotional groups are also referred to as causal groups because they usually promote one specific cause.

Insider pressure groups are those groups that have close links with the government and are heavily consulted during the policy-making process.

The name of the legislation in Turkey is Grand National Assembly.

Review of the G20 (the 19 wealthiest nations plus the European Union) revealed that while women held about 45% of the government positions, women represented less than 20% of the

higher, leadership positions in the bureaucracies.