POLİTİKA BİLİMİ

For most parties, there are three main goals: developing a party message (platform), getting members in government leadership, and running the government. The correct answer is C.

Cadre parties were the first modern political parties formed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as small organizations that are typically dominated by politically elite groups of activists with a co- opted leadership structure with limited control over the membership and comparatively week communication links. These types of parties are mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally, cadre parties only function for a limited time during election periods. The correct answer is B.

There are generally two major types of democratic electoral systems for a section of a legislature (law making group), Proportional Representation (PR) and Single-member Plurality (SMP). Under PR, the person or party gets a share of the available offices based on the percentage of votes. The correct answer is D.

Things that affect voter participation (voter turnout) include population size, population changes, demographics (like, age, income, race and ethnicity), political socialization, economic development, and even weather. Other issues that can affect voter turnout are the closeness of the political race, the political importance of the issues, money spent on the campaign by political parties, the candidate (personality, fame), and the number of parties running. The voter turnout can also be affected by other factors such as: if it is a proportional electoral system in which there are several types of offices at stake, if there are registration requirements, and if voting is compulsory. The correct answer is E.

Public opinion is the collection of individual opinions of social issues, government policies and politics. Public opinion is usually measured through questions. The correct answer is A.

The scientific use of public opinion polling is based on the laws of probability. The laws of probability suggest that if everything is treated equally, any object among a group of objects has the same chance of being selected as any other object in the group. The correct answer is E.

How an issue is covered also gives people ideas for how they should feel about the issue. This is known as framing. For example, if a story is written with a negative feel or the focus is on the problems of an issue, the public is more likely to have a negative feeling about the issue. The correct answer is A.

Typically, pressure groups are broken into four categories: promotional, sectional, insider, outsider. The correct answer is B.

The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The correct answer is C.

When defining bureaucracy in terms of its structural characteristics, political scientists most often use a variation of six fundamental characteristics:

 The correct answer is D.

There are as many different political landscapes as there are countries around the world. Generally speaking though, most political systems include three main components: citizens, government, and non-governmental organizations.

Political parties in other types of democracies differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries and their major political parties. In this list there are countries that have a high number of political parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties, Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with 32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.

Political parties in other types of democracies differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries and their major political parties. In this list there are countries that have a high number of political parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties, Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with 32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.

Proportional Representation (PR) is the most common type of electoral system in democracies.

This section focuses on interest groups whose shared interest is related to governance and, so, who have a common goal of influencing public policy. These interest groups generally fall into two broad categories: institutional and membership. Institutional interest groups are organizations

Latin America is a good case for developing interest group systems because it has countries at various stages of development. Older democracies in Latin America include countries such as Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. Interest groups in Latin America still have nuisances that make their interest group systems unique.

In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.

The name of the legislation in Russia is Federal Assembly. for more information check Table 7.2 Sample of Legislations and their Houses in Various Countries on page 170.

A well-established bureaucracy tends to be a highly structured organization with technically skilled employees. It is a system of rules, regulations and procedures that dictate how employees act and provide governmental services and support to people those services in an impartial, fair, and equitable manner

An interesting study of Romania shows a promise of gender representation. Between 2003 and 2010 men occupied the vast majority of decision-making positions in Romania. However, females now represent more than 50% of the second highest level positions