POLİTİKA BİLİMİ

The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century.

Seeds for the concept of the individual as king were expressed during the Protestant Reformation, which was inspired by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others, during the 16th century. This movement tried to place individual behavior above the strict rules of the Catholic Church.

The Council of Trent, between 1545 and 1563, was organized immediately to declare a counter-reformation, reaffirming the authority of the Church.

Perhaps the most important focus on the individual and their responsibilities for action and involvement in matters of government can be seen in the French Revolution, especially in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, delivered in 1789.

Political culture as a concept is recent. It is credited to Gabriel Almond (1956) as a unifying idea to help understand how people who work together and share common beliefs and common expectations, deal with political issues.

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of individual needs. Citizens pursue issues of self-fulfillment based on liberal values found in 18th century claims for support of citizens. Self-actualisation takes the top place in Maslow's list.

In China, ethical and social life, along with political life, is closely intertwined. On the opposing side of the political spectrum, Europe has an environment with more potential for active participation for individuals due to the influences of democracy. From roots in liberalism, individuals have a stronger desire to support self interest than for ancestral values found in oriental cultures.

United States has the lowest voter turnout with 46%. (Figure 6.7)

One of the most critical forms of civil disobedience is refusing to pay taxes. Another popular form of disobedience is demonstrated by spontaneous protest marches where government permission to assembly is not granted. More active involvement could include demonstrating through boycotts, sit-ins, or other forms of civil resistance through disruption.

In the United States during the years when poor treatment of minority groups caused citizen unrest, a civil disobedience referred to as the Montgomery Bus Boycott took place in which an African American refused to yield her seat on a public bus to a white man. The demonstrator was arrested and fined, but her behavior led to other demonstrations to emphasize an unjust government behavior.

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The answer is B