POLİTİKA BİLİMİ

In Ancient Greece, Plato and his student Aristotle
taught competing ideas about how citizens were
justified in their attempts to influence leadership
through participation in government. Hence, the correct answer is given in option B.

At the base of any participation we find the
individual. The motivation for the individual, or
motivation of a group of like-minded individuals,
is to influence government policy or action through
participating in the political process. For that reason, the correct answer is E.

The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century. That is, the correct answer is in option A.

Seeds for the concept of the individual as
king were expressed during the Protestant
Reformation, which was inspired by Martin
Luther, John Calvin, and others, during the 16th
century. This movement tried to place individual
behavior above the strict rules of the Catholic
Church. Together it was claimed that rather than
through discipline administered by organized
religion, individuals were naturally able to speak
directly with God. More importantly, perhaps,
individuals were right to resist the corrupt behavior
of the Church. Therefore, the correct answer is stationed in option E.

Egoism was a perspective of the individual used by the English sociologist and philosopher Herbert Spencer (1820–1903). He saw society as an environment in which the individual as the central player produced goods and services by using their own talents (Spencer). Therefore, it was the individual who should influence the means to distribute them. In this context, the correct answer is C.

A summary we can take from the China example
is that types of cultural morality are important
when addressing political issues. In China, ethical
and social life, along with political life, is closely
intertwined. When moral types are made a part
of the political culture, ethics are expanded into
political life. According to this, the correct answer is stated in option B.

At the base of interest in participating is concern
for the legitimacy of government. Namely, the correct answer is D.

The socialization process characterizes how this
begins at an early age under the influence of
parents, and progresses through different steps
of development, as the individual grows older.
Schools, religious organizations, peer groups, special
interest groups, and even political parties contribute
to how the individual is influenced. Today, the
access to internet is inexpensive and easy, and
the connectivity to social groups demonstrates
what is claimed as the most effective way to
share information or distribute information to
other persons. Social networks influence what
social groups believe and even reflect the level of
concern for social or political issues. Hence, prisons are not one of these places where participation occurs.

An individual reacting to what
is considered bad government behavior can result
in civil disobedience. Faced with punishment,
an individual deciding to disobey a law should
consider if illegal behavior to show anger is worth
punishment from the legal system, which is
designed to protect the state. According to these explanations, the correct answer should be option B.

Political parties in any state cover a wide
spectrum of political ideologies. They stretch
from government dominated communist party to
radical party in one measure and liberal ideology
to conservative ideology in the other. As shown in
Figure 6.12, the number of major parties is small.
This results from how political entities coalesce to
gain influence for their platforms, even as their
platforms broaden to include a wide range of
political issues.
In Brazil, there are four major parties, but the
political influence of each depends on changes in
political-economic issues that tend to be volatile.
Nevertheless, their political span includes a worker’s
party, a democratic movement party, a social democrat
party, and a lesser democrat party. France has many
political parties, running to as many as eleven in
first round national elections, but run-off elections
tend to support conservative, social democrat,
communist, and nationalist candidates. In the 2017
French national election for president, a new party
(La République En Marche) appeared to benefit
from political issues underserved by the previous two
presidents. Germany also has a multi-party political
system. The current plural multi-party system has
two major parties: the Social Democratic Party of
Germany and the Christian Democratic Union. The
Swiss political landscape is notable for its stability.
Four parties predominate and have been represented
in government for decades. They include a radical
party, Christian democrats, social democrats, and a
people’s party with no ideological distinction.
The United States is dominated by two major
parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic
Party, although lesser parties appear at elections to
represent interests and issues that are not on the
agenda of the major parties.

In this context, the information given in option B is not correct.

Aristotle believed that citizens had an obligation to participate in politics.

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of individual needs Physiological needs are basic human needs.

In Africa tribal cultures influence the common ideas for how a government should operate and what relationship citizens should have in the government.

People participate because they want to see something accomplished; others ask them to participate; to support others or help support their own interests.

Young people participate less in politics because they have less property, are not aware of benefits of participation, are unfamiliar with methods of participation or lack parental concerns.

The US has the lowest voter turnout, about 46%.

The US & Germany have 2 main political parties.

Twitter is currently among the most popular social networks

Cyberterrorism policy is among the specific concerns of the major issue of global impacts.

Rise in new powers is among the specific concerns of the major issue of international peace.