POLİTİKA BİLİMİ

Aristotle was more supportive of participation. He believed any citizen could be properly informed to participate effectively.

Seeds for the concept of the individual as king were expressed during the Protestant Reformation, which was inspired by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others, during the 16th century.

Somewhat later, during the nineteenth century when liberal individualism became more common in political discussions, the French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) provided explanations for how individualism (the concept of self) could be known.

The main function of politics is to decide how power is used and how benefits are distributed.

Political culture can exist for a country, for a group, or even for an individual. We can examine each of these individually, and we can also expect that the three can get mixed up. I

Citizens cannot be required to participate in the political process. They do so voluntarily.

From a base of informed judgment, the individual participates by voting in elections at both local and state levels.

International Peace has specific concerns about shift in international relations, rise in new powers and reshaping global economy.

Global Impacts has specific concerns about cyberterrorism policy and aggressive policies of largest states

Wellbeing of citizens can be determined by several elements; social, economic, psychological, professional, even personal issues may be a cause for concern.

Plato’s resistance to the democracy practiced in Athens at the time suggests that participation by large groups of citizens could lead to the mob-rule. He supported a more oligarchic form of government, because elections were limited to higher-class society. Plato’s government would not accept that all citizens should participate in politics unless they were properly trained.

The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century. Individualism was often said to be the foundation for the kind of democracy practiced in the United States.

Somewhat later, during the nineteenth century when liberal individualism became more common in political discussions, the French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) provided explanations for how individualism (the concept of self ) could be known. His subdivisions of individualism, that is, egoism (belief about self) and rationalism (rule-based behavior) became the basis for renewed thinking about politics.

Political culture as a concept is recent. It is credited to Gabriel Almond (1956) as a unifying idea to help understand how people who work together and share common beliefs and common expectations, deal with political issues.

Any individual lacking enough employment to earn the money needed for a minimal level of satisfaction will be motivated to speak out against the government. Those individuals with enough money are less likely to participate in groups that are concerned about job availability, employment levels or pay levels.

The value of education has two dimensions. One is to increase employment potential, and as a result of more employment also to increase the tax base; the other is to support the development of self interests aligned with Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of individual needs. Citizens pursue issues of self-fulfillment based on liberal values found in 18th century claims for support of citizens.

Often claims are made against youth for its lack of participation in politics, especially compared to levels of activity from senior citizens. As a relatively large segment of the voting population in any country, lack of participation by the youth could have a major changing effect on the messages sent to government. But, we should be cautious about any criticism about apathy or indifference. Younger people have less interest in government, own less property, do not have substantial loans, and are generally unaware of benefits from participation.

More active involvement could include demonstrating through marches, boycotts, sit-ins, or other forms of disruptive protest.

In reality, while only 8% of employees in France belong to a trade union, a figure that has collapsed from a high of about 30% in the 1950s, union members are extremely reactive to government policies that threaten both wages and retirement benefits. The figure today is well below that of Britain (26%), Germany (25%) and even the United States (13%), according to OECD. In the French private sector, the rate is lower still at only 5%, compared to 14% among civil servants. France’s long tradition of street protest sometimes allows unions to secure policy concessions.

immigration control

Effects from military engagement

Global security

These concerns go under the major issue of Conflict and Poverty.

Check figure 6.14 on page 146 for a more detailed answer.