POLİTİKA BİLİMİ

In the 17th and 18th centuries, theorists including Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau developed popular sovereignty, which means that ultimate authority lies with the people. This concept arose in opposition to the centralising tendencies of some monarchs who claimed a divine right to rule and the rise of absolutist monarchs in the 17th century. Focusing on the relationship between governments and people, Rousseau held that government must rely on the consent of the governed, the volonté générale(“general will”). Rousseau's refinement of this ideal of the arrangement between the rulers and the ruled that came to be known as social contract.

The correct answer is B.

Nation-states are the most common political entities. ey have a combination of international recognition of authority within defined borders and have a population of one or more dominant or charter groups with the same language, religion, culture, and tradition. After WWI and the development of political units based on international treaties as well as the post- colonial emergence of Asian and African units, this characterisation of political entities became dominant.

The correct answer is D.

The desire of a nation-state is to annex its fellow group members in other officially recognized states. The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called irredentism.

The correct answer is A.

The option A provides a limited definition of sovereignty, B is a limited definition of popular sovereignty, C is the definition of constitution. E provides a general definition of legitimacy.

The issue of legitimacy has been a factor in governance since the beginning of history. During the period of dominance by monarchy, it could refer to birth that a claimant to the throne would claim. In recent times, if elections are fairly conducted, election outcomes result in claims to legitimacy even though dictators also use them and often conduct them in a questionable manner to justify their rule as legitimate. In democracies, public opinion can eventually determine legitimacy.

The correct answer is E.

In the United Kingdom, the movement for protecting the rights of citizens began with the Magna Carta (the Great Charter) in 1215. It is considered one of the most important documents in the world history as it set forth the principle that everyone, including the king, is subject to law, and that everyone has the right to a fair trial.

The correct answer is B.

All information about constitutions is true, except the one in option C. The presence of constitutions date back to thousands of years ago. For instance, Sumerians and their successors in Mesopotamia had constitutions. 

The modern concept of constitution and the related theme of constitutionalism date back to the times of political philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.

The correct answer is C.

The projection of power can take different forms, including military, economic (through aid and trade), diplomatic, and cultural. Diplomatic and cultural power projections are often called soft power.

The correct answer is A.

In a multi-polar world, reliance solely on brute power may not be effective. States have different interests. They may not have an agreement in a specific field, but agree on other fields. Thus, in an interdependent world, cooperation or soft power rather than confrontation is a better way of using power.

The correct answer is B.

Nationalism can be defined as an ideology that people use to develop unity within the group. It relies on linguistic, cultural and historical commonalities, and sometimes on kinship. Often, the concept of nationalism develops a sense of unity against some external factors.

The correct answer is D.

The first four options refer to effects of globalisation in the domain of culture. However, the fifth option is particularly related to the economic impact of globalisation.

The correct answer is E.

Sovereignty can be defined as control over a territory.

In
international terms, the present understanding
dates back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648
whereby statehood was defined as an entity with
specific borders in the territorial sense.

Legitimacy, in the political science context,
can be defined as recognition of the right of rulers to
govern.

The projection of power can take the form of military, economic
(through aid and trade), diplomatic, and cultural. Diplomatic and cultural power projections are often called soft power.

With new economic clout, China, which now calls itself a social capitalist
country, has increased its political reach and now seeks to control the South China and East China Seas with suspected oil deposits through a series of fortified man-made islands

The United States, for example, has been built upon immigration.
Therefore, the US has termed itself a melting pot as immigrants adopt a common language and  adhere to other culture patterns. Recently, the term has been replaced by salad bowl as assimilation to original immigrants from the British Isles (in
terms of language, religion, and other customs)does not happen on a regular basis.

Currently, a constitution can take three forms. The most common is a written or codified constitution. The correct answer is D.

The projection of power overseas is often
critical in terms of strategy. Dwight Eisenhower
oered a famous dictum based on the premise
that power is meaningful only when it is used.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), signed in 1947, “was an international
agreement that promoted international trade and
the reduction of trade barriers among member
states from 1947-1994” (www.asil.org, 2017).
GATT became the World Trade Organization
(WTO) in 1995.

The North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) among the US, Canada,
and Mexico. The correct answer is E.