POLİTİKA BİLİMİ - Deneme Sınavı - 3

Older democracies in Latin America include countries such as Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay.

Cultural and historical factors that have shaped interest groups systems in Latin America include socioeconomic inequalities, elitist politics, a tradition of authoritarianism, a political culture of family and personal loyalties, and external influences.

liberalism, socialism, and conservatism are considered the three major ideologies in the literature.

Mali uses a civil legal system based on French civil law.

Japan uses a civil legal system based on German model.

Countries such as Paraguay and Bolivia are the least-developed countries. Such countries in Latin America as Peru, Ecuador and Columbia are in the middle of the spectrum with advances in their interest group systems, yet some aspects are still unsuccessful. Newer democracies in Latin America are more likely to have weaker or less effectual interest group systems.

Socialism adjusts the criterion of liberalism in such a way that it is radically altered. If the criterion of liberalism is that debts are owed to the self, then the criterion of socialism—the standard by which it judges entities, institutions and events—is that debts are owed to the self as constituted by society.

The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century.

Seeds for the concept of the individual as king were expressed during the Protestant Reformation, which was inspired by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others, during the 16th century. This movement tried to place individual behavior above the strict rules of the Catholic Church.

The Council of Trent, between 1545 and 1563, was organized immediately to declare a counter-reformation, reaffirming the authority of the Church.

Perhaps the most important focus on the individual and their responsibilities for action and involvement in matters of government can be seen in the French Revolution, especially in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, delivered in 1789.

Political culture as a concept is recent. It is credited to Gabriel Almond (1956) as a unifying idea to help understand how people who work together and share common beliefs and common expectations, deal with political issues.

Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of individual needs. Citizens pursue issues of self-fulfillment based on liberal values found in 18th century claims for support of citizens. Self-actualisation takes the top place in Maslow's list.

In China, ethical and social life, along with political life, is closely intertwined. On the opposing side of the political spectrum, Europe has an environment with more potential for active participation for individuals due to the influences of democracy. From roots in liberalism, individuals have a stronger desire to support self interest than for ancestral values found in oriental cultures.

United States has the lowest voter turnout with 46%. (Figure 6.7)

One of the most critical forms of civil disobedience is refusing to pay taxes. Another popular form of disobedience is demonstrated by spontaneous protest marches where government permission to assembly is not granted. More active involvement could include demonstrating through boycotts, sit-ins, or other forms of civil resistance through disruption.

In the United States during the years when poor treatment of minority groups caused citizen unrest, a civil disobedience referred to as the Montgomery Bus Boycott took place in which an African American refused to yield her seat on a public bus to a white man. The demonstrator was arrested and fined, but her behavior led to other demonstrations to emphasize an unjust government behavior.

Frederick Pollock divides politics into theoretical politics and practical or applied politics. According to him theoretical politics includes:

• The Theory of the State

• The Theory of Government

• The Theory of Legislation and

• The Theory of State as an Artificial Person

Plato suggested that an aristocracy led by philosopher-kings (the wisest men) would be a more just form of government. Plato claimed that government which serves individual citizen’s changing needs, instead of works to help the population as a group, would lead to mob rule.

There are different organizational structures, and different sizes, of democracies. The Economist identifies democracies as: full democracy (examples: Norway and Canada); flawed democracy (examples: United States and France); as hybrid regime (for example Pakistan); or as authoritarian democracy (examples: Russia and China).