POLİTİKA BİLİMİ - Deneme Sınavı - 14

Unlike promotional groups, sectional groups refer to pressure groups that represent specific types of individuals. ese are only open to members of one profession, organization or trade.

Institutional interest groups are organizations that have corporations as members and represent major businesses or industries.

The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government.

There are two main types of parties: cadre
and mass. Cadre parties were the first modern
political parties formed in the late 18th and early
19th centuries. Cadre parties are described as
small organizations that are typically dominated
by politically elite groups of activists with a coopted leadership structure with limited control
over the membership and comparatively week
communication links. These types of parties are
mostly funded by the wealthy. Generally cadre
parties only function for a limited time during
election periods (Saribay, 2016; Lawson 2003).
Mass parties, which started in the 20th
century, are groups with thousands and sometimes
millions of members. A difference between mass
parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to
appeal to a large number of people. Mass parties
have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced
technology. Members usually fund mass parties

Political parties in other types of democracies
differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far
more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries
and their major political parties. In this list there
are countries that have a high number of political
parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties,
Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with
32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most
countries have a modest amount of parties (between
10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and
Greece (12). There are also countries with just one
political party such as China.

Proportional Representation (PR) is the most
common type of electoral system in democracies.
PR is similar to SMP. Under PR, the person or party
gets a share of the available offices based on the
percentage of votes. In a situation where there are a
number of seats (jobs) available, like in a legislature,
a party that wins 30% of the votes, for example, will
be able to fill 30% of the available seats. However,
there are various nuances to this simple explanation.
For instance, with some democracies such as Bolivia,
Germany, Hungary, and New Zealand, the PR
system is used for only a portion of its legislature.
Approximately 36% of democracies use this type
of system for their lower chamber (The Electoral
Knowledge Network, 2017).

The second most common type of electoral
system used in democracies is single-member
plurality (SMP). In SMP the candidate who
gets the most votes wins the election. Countries
such as Egypt, Canada, Great Britain, the United
States, and Yemen use a type of SMP system.
Approximately 26% of the democracies use this
type of system for their lower chamber (The
Electoral Knowledge Network, 2017).
While PR and SMP systems are the two most
widely used electoral systems, they only represent
about 66% of the systems used in democratic
nations. Another system is what is called a parallel
electoral system. In parallel systems, voters elect
the candidate and the party separately. This is
done either with one ballot or two separate ballots.
Countries using parallel systems include Armenia,
Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine

While PR and SMP systems are the two most
widely used electoral systems, they only represent
about 66% of the systems used in democratic
nations. Another system is what is called a parallel
electoral system. In parallel systems, voters elect
the candidate and the party separately. This is
done either with one ballot or two separate ballots.
Countries using parallel systems include Armenia,
Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Ukraine.

The scientific use of public opinion polling is based on the laws of probability. The laws of
probability suggest that if everything is treated equally, any object among a group of objects has
the same chance of being selected as any other object in the group.

Typically, pressure groups are broken into
four categories: promotional, sectional, insider,
outsider. Promotional groups are also referred to
as causal groups because they usually promote one
specific cause.

Unlike promotional groups, sectional groups
refer to pressure groups that represent specific types
of individuals. These are only open to members of
one profession, organization or trade. Examples of
sectional pressure groups include the Confederation
of Ethiopian Labor Unions. Sectional groups can
promote specific causes or issues important to their
members.

This section focuses on interest groups whose
shared interest is related to governance and, so,
who have a common goal of influencing public
policy. These interest groups generally fall into two
broad categories: institutional and membership.
Institutional interest groups are organizations
that have corporations as members and represent
major businesses or industries. Interest groups
that are categorized as membership interest groups
typically have individuals rather than corporations
as members.

The legal systems of nearly all countries are generally modeled on five elements: civil law; common law; customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law. It is estimated that approximately 40% of the world legal systems exclusively follow civil law, 39% follow a mix of systems, 20% exclusively follow common law, 1% exclusively follow religious law, and 1% exclusively follow customary law.

"The enclaves of Andorra and Monaco are in France while Italy has the north central enclave of San Marino and the Vatican entirely within its territory."

Environmentalism suggests that we owe a debt to the earth.

Society does not consist of individuals; it expresses the sum of connections and relationships in which individuals find themselves’.

There are different organizational structures, and different sizes, of democracies. The Economist identifies democracies as: full democracy (examples: Norway and Canada); flawed democracy (examples: United States and France); as hybrid regime (for example Pakistan); or as authoritarian democracy (examples: Russia and China). Each type of democracy represents a different perspective on structure and practice. The correct answer is D.

In the United States, there is a constitutional republic as stated in the preamble of the constitution. The correct answer is A.

U.S. President Abraham Lincoln supported the structure of American democracy during the Civil War of 1861-1865, which was fundamentally caused by disagreements over what a democracy should protect. “Of the people, for the people and by the people” was his claim for purpose in democracy. The correct answer is C.

The political ideal that aims minimal government influence on behavior is libertarian. The correct answer is E.