POLİTİKA BİLİMİ - Deneme Sınavı - 10

Political parties in other types of democracies differ from the U.S. model. Most systems have far more parties. Table 7.1 provides a list of countries and their major political parties. In this list there are countries that have a high number of political parties such as Haiti with 54 political parties, Jordon with 40 political parties, and Brazil with 32 political parties. Of the countries listed, most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.

Proportional Representation (PR) is the most common type of electoral system in democracies.

This section focuses on interest groups whose shared interest is related to governance and, so, who have a common goal of influencing public policy. These interest groups generally fall into two broad categories: institutional and membership. Institutional interest groups are organizations

Latin America is a good case for developing interest group systems because it has countries at various stages of development. Older democracies in Latin America include countries such as Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay. Interest groups in Latin America still have nuisances that make their interest group systems unique.

In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.

It is liberals who "can fall back on the apparent simplicity of the recognition of some sort of self in law," whereas socialists attempt at explaining that "the self is socially constituted."

The name of the legislation in Russia is Federal Assembly. for more information check Table 7.2 Sample of Legislations and their Houses in Various Countries on page 170.

A well-established bureaucracy tends to be a highly structured organization with technically skilled employees. It is a system of rules, regulations and procedures that dictate how employees act and provide governmental services and support to people those services in an impartial, fair, and equitable manner

An interesting study of Romania shows a promise of gender representation. Between 2003 and 2010 men occupied the vast majority of decision-making positions in Romania. However, females now represent more than 50% of the second highest level positions

In Ancient Greece, Plato and his student Aristotle
taught competing ideas about how citizens were
justified in their attempts to influence leadership
through participation in government. Hence, the correct answer is given in option B.

At the base of any participation we find the
individual. The motivation for the individual, or
motivation of a group of like-minded individuals,
is to influence government policy or action through
participating in the political process. For that reason, the correct answer is E.

The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century. That is, the correct answer is in option A.

Seeds for the concept of the individual as
king were expressed during the Protestant
Reformation, which was inspired by Martin
Luther, John Calvin, and others, during the 16th
century. This movement tried to place individual
behavior above the strict rules of the Catholic
Church. Together it was claimed that rather than
through discipline administered by organized
religion, individuals were naturally able to speak
directly with God. More importantly, perhaps,
individuals were right to resist the corrupt behavior
of the Church. Therefore, the correct answer is stationed in option E.

Egoism was a perspective of the individual used by the English sociologist and philosopher Herbert Spencer (1820–1903). He saw society as an environment in which the individual as the central player produced goods and services by using their own talents (Spencer). Therefore, it was the individual who should influence the means to distribute them. In this context, the correct answer is C.

A summary we can take from the China example
is that types of cultural morality are important
when addressing political issues. In China, ethical
and social life, along with political life, is closely
intertwined. When moral types are made a part
of the political culture, ethics are expanded into
political life. According to this, the correct answer is stated in option B.

At the base of interest in participating is concern
for the legitimacy of government. Namely, the correct answer is D.

The socialization process characterizes how this
begins at an early age under the influence of
parents, and progresses through different steps
of development, as the individual grows older.
Schools, religious organizations, peer groups, special
interest groups, and even political parties contribute
to how the individual is influenced. Today, the
access to internet is inexpensive and easy, and
the connectivity to social groups demonstrates
what is claimed as the most effective way to
share information or distribute information to
other persons. Social networks influence what
social groups believe and even reflect the level of
concern for social or political issues. Hence, prisons are not one of these places where participation occurs.

An individual reacting to what
is considered bad government behavior can result
in civil disobedience. Faced with punishment,
an individual deciding to disobey a law should
consider if illegal behavior to show anger is worth
punishment from the legal system, which is
designed to protect the state. According to these explanations, the correct answer should be option B.

Political parties in any state cover a wide
spectrum of political ideologies. They stretch
from government dominated communist party to
radical party in one measure and liberal ideology
to conservative ideology in the other. As shown in
Figure 6.12, the number of major parties is small.
This results from how political entities coalesce to
gain influence for their platforms, even as their
platforms broaden to include a wide range of
political issues.
In Brazil, there are four major parties, but the
political influence of each depends on changes in
political-economic issues that tend to be volatile.
Nevertheless, their political span includes a worker’s
party, a democratic movement party, a social democrat
party, and a lesser democrat party. France has many
political parties, running to as many as eleven in
first round national elections, but run-off elections
tend to support conservative, social democrat,
communist, and nationalist candidates. In the 2017
French national election for president, a new party
(La République En Marche) appeared to benefit
from political issues underserved by the previous two
presidents. Germany also has a multi-party political
system. The current plural multi-party system has
two major parties: the Social Democratic Party of
Germany and the Christian Democratic Union. The
Swiss political landscape is notable for its stability.
Four parties predominate and have been represented
in government for decades. They include a radical
party, Christian democrats, social democrats, and a
people’s party with no ideological distinction.
The United States is dominated by two major
parties, the Republican Party and the Democratic
Party, although lesser parties appear at elections to
represent interests and issues that are not on the
agenda of the major parties.

In this context, the information given in option B is not correct.

There are as many different political landscapes as there are countries around the world. Generally speaking though, most political systems include three main components: citizens, government, and nongovernmental organizations. Namely, the correct answer is option C.