POLİTİKA BİLİMİ - Deneme Sınavı - 7

The theory of dialectical materialism and its application in history, i.e., historical materialism, are the two important tools in Marxian methodology.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, theorists including Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau developed popular sovereignty, which means that ultimate authority lies with the people. This concept arose in opposition to the centralising tendencies of some monarchs who claimed a divine right to rule and the rise of absolutist monarchs in the 17th century. Focusing on the relationship between governments and people, Rousseau held that government must rely on the consent of the governed, the volonté générale(“general will”). Rousseau's refinement of this ideal of the arrangement between the rulers and the ruled that came to be known as social contract.

The correct answer is B.

Nation-states are the most common political entities. ey have a combination of international recognition of authority within defined borders and have a population of one or more dominant or charter groups with the same language, religion, culture, and tradition. After WWI and the development of political units based on international treaties as well as the post- colonial emergence of Asian and African units, this characterisation of political entities became dominant.

The correct answer is D.

The desire of a nation-state is to annex its fellow group members in other officially recognized states. The desire to unite all members of a group in one state is called irredentism.

The correct answer is A.

The option A provides a limited definition of sovereignty, B is a limited definition of popular sovereignty, C is the definition of constitution. E provides a general definition of legitimacy.

The issue of legitimacy has been a factor in governance since the beginning of history. During the period of dominance by monarchy, it could refer to birth that a claimant to the throne would claim. In recent times, if elections are fairly conducted, election outcomes result in claims to legitimacy even though dictators also use them and often conduct them in a questionable manner to justify their rule as legitimate. In democracies, public opinion can eventually determine legitimacy.

The correct answer is E.

In the United Kingdom, the movement for protecting the rights of citizens began with the Magna Carta (the Great Charter) in 1215. It is considered one of the most important documents in the world history as it set forth the principle that everyone, including the king, is subject to law, and that everyone has the right to a fair trial.

The correct answer is B.

All information about constitutions is true, except the one in option C. The presence of constitutions date back to thousands of years ago. For instance, Sumerians and their successors in Mesopotamia had constitutions. 

The modern concept of constitution and the related theme of constitutionalism date back to the times of political philosophers such as Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.

The correct answer is C.

The projection of power can take different forms, including military, economic (through aid and trade), diplomatic, and cultural. Diplomatic and cultural power projections are often called soft power.

The correct answer is A.

In a multi-polar world, reliance solely on brute power may not be effective. States have different interests. They may not have an agreement in a specific field, but agree on other fields. Thus, in an interdependent world, cooperation or soft power rather than confrontation is a better way of using power.

The correct answer is B.

Nationalism can be defined as an ideology that people use to develop unity within the group. It relies on linguistic, cultural and historical commonalities, and sometimes on kinship. Often, the concept of nationalism develops a sense of unity against some external factors.

The correct answer is D.

The first four options refer to effects of globalisation in the domain of culture. However, the fifth option is particularly related to the economic impact of globalisation.

The correct answer is E.

The first well-documented city-state appeared in southern Mesopotamia in Sumer around 5000 BCE.

The correct answer is B.

It is not empirical but normative theories that set the rights and duties to be performed ideally by a citizen. Empirical theories explain how citizens hold the rights and duties associated with citizenship.

The correct answer is E.

In a parliamentary system of government, the executive branch of government derives democratic legitimacy from, and it is accountable to, the legislature. This means that the executive branch and the legislature work closely together. In this system, the head of state is usually di erent from the head of government.

The correct answer is B.

The system defined in the question is federalism. In this system, power is shared between a powerful central government and states/provinces. The states are given considerable self-rule, and typically have their own legislatures.

The correct answer is D.

The system that is seen as the opposite of a monistic theory of state is pluralism. In a pluralistic system, sovereignty is considered as resting not only with the state, but also with many other institutions. The state is only one of the institutions among social, political, cultural, and economic institutions within the society.

Pluralism is a system characterised by a multiplicity of small groups. Each group has its scope of power that may be restricted to a narrow specific domain.

The correct answer is C.

In absolute monarchy, the monarch exercises total power over the land. Sometimes other political classes may exercise a certain degree of control on the monarch. These include social classes such as the aristocracy, the clergy, the middle class, and the lower class. A monarchy may have a symbolic legislature, and some form of government. However, the monarch exercises total control over these and may alter or dissolve them at will.

The correct answer is E.

Democracy is a system of government in which citizens of a state partake in decision-making processes of state affairs. In a democracy, the people who control leaders hold the power. Two main types of democracy are direct democracy and representative democracy. In direct democracies, citizens actively participate in political decision-making. In representative democracy, sovereignty remains with the people. Political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives.

The correct answer is A.

In an oligarchy (rule by a few), power rests with a small number of individuals. The term oligarchy was coined by Aristotle to describe “rule by the rich.”

France is an example of countries that adopt the system of semi-presidential republic. The executive branch of government is made up of the chief of state (who is the president) and the prime minister (who is the head of government). The president appoints the members of the Council of Ministers. The president is elected directly by absolute majority popular vote in a 2-round system, for a 5-year term.

The correct answer is A.