ORTA DOĞU VE KUZEY AFRİKA

Initially, it was in Tunisia where the first Arap uprisings started in 2010.

Some common factors can be divided into three sub-categories as follows: socio-economic reasons, political factors, and the impact of social media.

Unlike the cases of Yemen and Libya, Bahraini and Syrian regimes remained tight and steadfast.

The Tunisian transition process to democracy remained stable based on a reconciliation policy between the different political actors.

Their leaders left the power only after a foreign intervention.

Tunisia has been the only Arab country where a ‘sui generis’ successful transition emerged based on a reconciliation policy between different actors, mainly  Islamists and the seculars, without any coups, civil wars, or international intervention.

After coming into power in 2012, the brotherhood-led government took some critical steps, which led to a confrontation with both the secular-liberals and the army. First of all, the new constitution drafted by the Constituent Assembly did not provide legal protection to the believers of non-Abrahamic religions and hesitated to guarantee gender equality in a secular sense. This attitude of the new regime put secularists in doubt that the Muslim Brotherhood intended to rule the country based on Sharia law.

The fall of Gaddafi and Saleh did not result in an orderly transition to democracy in Libya and Yemen. On the contrary, the fall of these regimes eventually resulted in total state collapse and internationalized civil wars, which still undermines the security and stability of the MENA region.

GCC, and its leading country Saudi Arabia were afraid of the fact that Iran may potentially increase its influence in Bahrain.

The turning point of the war was the direct military intervention of Russia on the side of the regime in 2015.