ORTA DOĞU VE KUZEY AFRİKA

The first emergence of politics in that area

The Rashidun

Between the Roman Empire and Persian Empire

Pre-modern period

to the mid-west part

Establishing resistance movements against colonial powers

Ended Ottoman central control over the region

The First World War ended the central control of the Ottoman over the region.

The Baath Party

Nationalism

The UN Security Council

While the non-permanent members are elected
for two-year terms, the permanent members
never change. The permanent members which
are the US, Russia, France, the United Kingdom,
and China, have the right of veto, which enables
them to refuse any proposal in the Council.

Within the war on terrorism doctrine, the
US pursued more aggressive policies against the
Middle East, which would trigger an instability
period in the region. Unsurprisingly after a short
time of the attacks, the US demanded from the
Taliban regime, which was ruling Afghanistan,
to deliver everybody related to the September 11
attacks and Al-Qaeda (Hayden, 2009: 59-60).
When the Taliban regime refused to cooperate
with the US by claiming that they had no
information about the existence of Al-Qaeda in
Afghanistan, the Bush administration declared
war against them (Güney and Gökcan, 2010: 27).
Even though the US forces quickly toppled the
Taliban regime, they could not create stability in
the country since Taliban forces and other anti US organizations managed to perpetuate guerrilla
war against the US forces.

The Muslim Brotherhood in 1928, a school teacher
Hasan Al-Banna, founded the Muslim Brotherhood
(Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimin) as a social organization
targeting increasing solidarity within Sunni-Muslim
society by offering health care and education services.
The movement rapidly spread around Egypt and
became an active organization against British rule.
Moreover, similar organizations affiliated with the
Muslim Brotherhood emerged in other parts of the
region (Cleveland and Bunton, 2008: 199).

The Muslim Brotherhood in 1928, a school teacher
Hasan Al-Banna, founded the Muslim Brotherhood
(Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimin) as a social organization
targeting increasing solidarity within Sunni-Muslim
society by offering health care and education services.
The movement rapidly spread around Egypt and
became an active organization against British rule.
Moreover, similar organizations affiliated with the
Muslim Brotherhood emerged in other parts of the
region (Cleveland and Bunton, 2008: 199).

The Rashidun Caliphates The Rashidun (rightly
guided) term is used for the period consists of the
first four caliphs after the death of the Prophet
Mohammed. These caliphs were elected by the Muslim
society to rule the Islamic state. The period ended with
Muawiyah’s capture of the caliphate. S

On the northern African part of the
Abbasid Empire, rules such as the Almoravid
Dynasty (1040-1147), Almohad Caliphate
(1121-1269), the Ayyubid Dynasty (1171-1260)
were established. During this period, also, the
first examples of the Shiite rules emerged, which
made the fitna a fundamental factor in regional
politics by deepening and institutionalizing it.
The Buyid Dynasty (934-1062) in Iran and the
Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171) in North Africa
were among the first Shiite-based states (Hourani,
1991: 64-65).

Russia in the North

During the war, Italian forces, with the direct
help of Germany, organized attacks against British
troops, especially in North Africa. One of the main
targets of these attacks was the Suez Canal in order
to cut the ties of Great Britain with its colonies in
Asia (Sander, 2016: 129). Great Britain was very
successful in repelling those attacks and managed
to control almost the whole of Northern Africa.
While the Axis powers organized direct attacks in
Northern Africa, they would not enter through the
rest of the region. However, there were indirect Axis
attempts to stir up the communities against the
British forces with the help of their sympathizers.
For example, the Iraqi Prime Minister Rashid Ali
wanted to end the British influence over Iraq by
demanding the withdrawal of British forces from
the country. The British forces defeated Ali’s army,
which got assistance from the German air force
(Lewis, 2003: 406).

Nasser declared the decision of
the nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956.

The Baath Party, The Arab Baath Party, is a socialist
party aiming at removing foreign influence and
founding Arab unity in the region. The party has
many distinct branches in the region. The two most
prominent examples of the party are in Syria and
Iraq. In both examples, the Baath Party established
strong regimes under Saddam Hussein’s leadership
in Iraq and Hafez al-Assad’s leadership in Syria.
(Devlin, 1991).