ORTA DOĞU VE KUZEY AFRİKA - Deneme Sınavı - 2

The Arab and Arab-Berber population consists of almost 61% (331 million) of the total population within the Middle East.

The concept of ‘regional security’ is mostly about security behaviors in international and domestic orders, which can either facilitate or impede economic-political interactions in all regions. The example provided in this question refers to the importance of security in the Gulf region.

The correct answer is B.

The Baghdad Pact was founded in 1954 by the UK, Iraq, Jordan, and Turkey. Palestine was not one of the founding members of the Pact.

The correct answer is E.

While Ifni was integrated into Morocco in 1969, Sebte (Ceuta) and Melila remained Spain’s overseas territory in the North African geography. In 1848, Spanish troops conquered the Islas Chafarina, it is a small, uninhabited rocky islet located off the coast of Morocco, it  was the subject of an armed incident between the two countries in 2002.

The right answer C.

Islamist movements play a significant role in Moroccan societal structure. Reformists, mainstreams, and radicals may be considered as the leading groups of the Islamist movements. Reformists demand social equality and wealth. Moroccan Muslim Brotherhood, founded by Abdessalam Yassine –as mainstreams wants a state based on Sharia in addition to social equality. Although King Mohammed VI tried to integrate the Yassine movement into the political system, he could not succeed. Al-Shabiba al-Islamiya (Islamic youth) as radicals is composed of students, and they integrated into the political system by participating in the elections under the Justice and Development Party (JDP). Another movement affecting the social structure of Morocco is the Amazigh movement. They represent indigenous Moroccans (Imazighen).

Amazigh movement, mainly since the 1990s, has been organized as a non-governmental organization to protect the culture of the Amazigh and to promote their language and cultural rights. Although they play an essential role in shaping social life in Morocco, they are not very influential in economic and political life.

 Tamazight “the dialect of Berber spoken in the Middle Atlas, most of the Atlantic plains, and much of the Atlas” (Park and Aomar, 2006: 434). “‘noble men’ or ‘free men,’ in the sense that they were free of external control, unlike the inhabitants of the towns, who belonged to no tribe” (Pennel, 2003:3). Morocco is governed by a constitutional monarchy. Its administration system is also be labeled as the makhzen.

Imazighen “‘noble men’ or ‘free men,’ in the sense that they were free of external control, unlike the inhabitants of the towns, who belonged to no tribe” (Pennel, 2003:3).

Morocco is governed by a constitutional monarchy. Its administration system is also be labeled as the makhzen.

The right answer is B.

Islamist movements play a significant role in Moroccan societal structure. Reformists, mainstreams, and radicals may be considered as the leading groups of the Islamist movements. Reformists demand social equality and wealth. Moroccan Muslim Brotherhood, founded by Abdessalam Yassine –as mainstreams wants a state based on Sharia in addition to social equality. Although King Mohammed VI tried to integrate the Yassine movement into the political system, he could not succeed. Al-Shabiba al-Islamiya (Islamic youth) as radicals is composed of students, and they integrated into the political system by participating in the elections under the Justice and Development Party (JDP). Another movement affecting the social structure of Morocco is the Amazigh movement. They represent indigenous Moroccans (Imazighen).

Amazigh movement, mainly since the 1990s, has been organized as a non-governmental organization to protect the culture of the Amazigh and to promote their language and cultural rights. Although they play an essential role in shaping social life in Morocco, they are not very influential in economic and political life.

 Tamazight “the dialect of Berber spoken in the Middle Atlas, most of the Atlantic plains, and much of the Atlas” (Park and Aomar, 2006: 434). “‘noble men’ or ‘free men,’ in the sense that they were free of external control, unlike the inhabitants of the towns, who belonged to no tribe” (Pennel, 2003:3). Morocco is governed by a constitutional monarchy. Its administration system is also be labeled as the makhzen.

Imazighen “‘noble men’ or ‘free men,’ in the sense that they were free of external control, unlike the inhabitants of the towns, who belonged to no tribe” (Pennel, 2003:3).

Morocco is governed by a constitutional monarchy. Its administration system is also be labeled as the makhzen.

 Answer E)

Maghrib “‘the land of the setting sun,’ the furthest westward point of the great Islamic empire founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the middle of the seventh century” (Pennell, 2003: 1). Levant “historically, the countries along the eastern Mediterranean shores” (https://www. britannica.com/place/Levant Sahel “It includes four countries bordering Lake Chad- Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Nigeria as well as Burkina Faso, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal” (UNDP).

The right answer is B.

Jamahiriya “state of masses governed by the populace via local councils elected by the people of Libya.”

The right answer is  A.

Sahel “It includes four countries bordering Lake Chad- Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Nigeria as well as Burkina Faso, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal” (UNDP). The answer is B)

The French began to invade Tunisia in April 1881, as a pretext for the attacks and territorial claims of some Tunisian tribes on French-colonial Algeria. The French colonial period began with the Treaty of Ksar Said or the Bardo Treaty on
May 12, 1881, in Tunisia. The Answer is C.

Answer A) Muammar Gaddafi : “Qadhafi offers the Third Universal Theory as an alternative solution to man’s socio politico- economic problems as advocated by the existing popular doctrines of ‘western’ liberalism and ‘eastern’ communism.the answer is A.

Beginning with the Obama administration, theUS position as a dominant power in the Middle
East weakened. Before Obama, the US had been militarily very active in the region since 1991.

The correct answer is C.

Similar to the Arab Spring demonstrations that began at the end of 2010, there were anti-regime protests in Algeria in 2019. Bouteflika’ announcement of his candidacy for a fifth presidential term caused mass protests called the Revolution of Smiles or Hirak Movement, began February 2019, and continued until March 2020.  The right answer is   A.   2019 – Algeria

In terms of regional integration, the leaders of Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya met in 1988 and announced the foundation of the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) at a summit in Marrakech in 1989. The right answer is A.

Starting from Obama, the US security policy has shifted eastwards. The ‘pivot to Asia’ strategy of the US was meant to counter-balance a rising China in an economically vital Asian region. For Obama, the US strategic focus should revolve around Asia to advance its rebalance to Asia and the Pacific.

The correct answer is B.

Britain and France saw their power vanishing after the Suez War in 1956.

The correct answer is B.

Hezbollah is not just a non-state armed actor but a dominant political player in the Middle East region. Hezbollah is a security, military, and political organization at the same time.

The correct answer is E.

The Middle East security architecture has at least three strong powers: Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Israel. Both Israel and Saudi Arabia consider the Middle East security from a ‘status quo’ perspective because they mostly accept the dominant role and ideological outlook of the US. In other words, they mainly see no conflict of interest between theirs and the US interests/policies. On the other hand, Iran is a revisionist security actor, aiming to upend the regional order.

The correct answer is D.

Saudi Arabia is strong state in the security architecture of the Middle East because its security policies have regional and global dimensions. The central security policy of Saudi Arabia has been twofold: to provide domestic stability for regime security (against potential political rivals) and to prevent the rise of predatory or revisionist states in the region. It is the combination of these two security traits that shape its policy options. 

The correct answer is A.

To be a strong regional power, a state should have a claim to leadership, necessary power resources, foreign policy instruments, and acceptance of its leadership role by other regional states. The Middle East security architecture has at least three such strong powers: Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Israel.

Thus, the correct answer is E.