ÖRGÜT KURAMI VE TASARIMI

Under the rational approach to decision- making, decisions are generally made based on the quantitative data through a linear process. These models are quantitative and normative and tend to observe, identify, explain and predict choices. They involve the logical completion of the stages including the identification and systematic analysis of the problem, right choice, and implementation. An important number of decisions made by managers in a day include repetitive decisions. Well-designed rational decision-making processes, especially in such decision-making activities, enable managers to engage in effective management. If this process is written and made accessible to everyone, it is turned into an important tool for others who deal with similar problems. Herbert Alexander Simon is the founder and the most prominent name of the rational decision-making approach. However, some sources also refer to Chester Barnard, one of the most prominent figures in the behavioural school, as the pioneer of decision-making theory. is approach founded by Simon and Barnard has been developed by various authors using different analytical propositions and defined by several researchers using similar steps. The correct answer is Choice E.

The analytical process of rational decision making developed by Baker et al. is:

The correct answer is Choice E.

Step 1. Define the problem: e process of defining the problem involves defining the underlying causes and related assumptions of the problem, the system, and organizational limitations, or any stakeholder problem. e aim here is to turn the problem into a clear, single- sentence problem statement that explains both the initial conditions and the desired conditions. The correct answer is Choice C.

The rational approach presents a systematic and analytical point of view for managers to make decisions. However, the rational decision-making approach has been criticized and considered to be non-realistic; thus, it has been argued that this approach should be reviewed and made as practical and realistic as possible because the limited capacity of the manager is insufficient to analyze the complexity of business relations in the modern world and to completely clear up problems. The correct answer is Choice A.

In intuitive decision-making, manager with limited rationality uses mental methods that simplify the solution and provide shortcuts to make decisions and process information. The correct answer is choice D.

For the Rational Mode information is available, but Carnegie Model suggests that limited information is available. According to Rational Model, decision making is costless; however, for Carnegie Model it is costly. Rational Model suggests that full range of possible alternatives is generated, but for the Carnegie Model it is limited. ın Rational Model, solution is chosen by unanimous agreements and solution chosen is best for the organization. On the other hand, in Carnegie Model, solution is chosen by comprise, bargaining, and accommodation between organizational coalitions and solutions chosen is satisfactory for the organiziation. The correct answer is Choice C.

The garbage can theory that has important points in common with the bounded rationality approach is suggested by Michael D. Cohen, James G. March, and Johan P. Olsen. The correct answer is Choice E.

Confirmation bias is the product of perceptual selectivity. Since the decision- maker looks for the information confirming his/ her past choices, he/she tends to ignore the sources that o er contradicting information. He/she pays attention to choose the sources playing along with his/her past choices. e individual’s tendency to eliminate the information contradicting his/her past choices, accept the information confirming the anticipated opinion and approach the data against the current opinion critically and doubtfully make him/her decide under the influence of past experiences. And, the information we collect with these biases make up the biased data to tell us what we want to hear. The correct answer is Choice C.

Escalation of commitment means that if you also have proofs that prove the truth of the idea against your own idea, you still insist on the accuracy of your own idea. Although many decisions by top level managers satisfy them, these ideas may not be that much rational. And despite this possibility, they may have the tendency to show an increasing commitment to their previous decision, which can be seen frequently in top level managers’ decision-making process. According to some explanations, the reason of the commitment to these wrong decisions is the denial of first mistaken decision by the manager himself. The correct answer is Choice E.

resim

resim

Managerial decision-making is a matter of finding solutions or action plans for problems and providing the maximum benefit for organizational stakeholders

Human Resource Manager

Where should we recruit for employees?

Should we set up a testing program?

Should I advise settling the equal-employment complaint?

Non-programmed decision-making includes the most creative, original and unstructured decisions by which managers help organizations to produce solutions to changing and uncertain situations.

Programmed - Decision-making tools - Policies and rules; capital budgeting; computerized solutions

STEP 1 Define problem

STEP 2 Determine the requirements that the solution to the problem must meet

STEP 3 Establish goals that solving the problem should accomplish

STEP 4 Identify alternatives that will solve the problem

STEP 5 Develop evaluation criteria based on the goals

STEP 6 Select a decision-making tool

STEP 7 Apply the tool to select a preferred alternative

STEP 8 Check the answer to make sure it solves the problem

Rational Model