ÖRGÜT KURAMI VE TASARIMI

Organizations as Machines: This metaphor emphasizes the technical, hierarchical, rational, prolific, mechanical, and productive aspects of organizations. What is described in the question is the hierarchical aspect of the organization. Therefore, choice (A) is the correct answer.

Choices (a) and (b) are business organizations, (c) is a service organization, and (d) is a mutual benefit organization. However, commonwealth organizations are basically for social services. They are formed to offer standard services for the majority of the population. The motivator of these organizations is not profit. Police offices, army forces, courts, fire services, and other public institutions are examples of these organizations. The beneficiaries of commonwealth organizations are ordinary people in general. Therefore, choice (d) is the correct answer.

The contingency theory brings a new dimension to the relations of organizations with their environment. It regards the organization as a system and argues that only one ever-successful management and organization style is not possible. The success of organizational structures will change depending on the conditions. This theory especially focuses on conditions, organization’s environment, technology, size, and variables. Therefore, choice (b) is the correct answer.

The Behavioral School: The basic contribution of the behavioral school to the classical management theory is the emphasis on the informal aspects of organizations. While the classical management thought tackles the structural and physical design of organizations, the behavioral school focuses on human relations within organizations. The starting point of the behavioral school is the criticism that the classical school was not humanist and it regarded the human being as a machine, which makes it harder to increase productivity. So, choice (c) is the correct answer.

Choices (b), (c), (d), and (e) are among the elements of the scientific management approach. They have nothing to do with input, conversion, and output, which are defined by Gareth Jones as the three stages in value creation. Therefore, choice (a) is the correct answer.

Inputs may be abstract and concrete things such as end products semi-products money, capital, machine and equipment, human resource and knowledge, which are acquired from organizational environments and used as resources during the value-creation process. So, choice (e) is the correct answer.

Professionalism is about the formal education and improvement level of employees. The need for long-term education and improvement implies a high level of professionalism, which is measured by the average study periods of employees. For example, medical doctors in the healthcare sector can be said to have a higher level of education, while the level of professionalism in the construction industry is less high. Likewise, lawyers in the justice sector are said to have a higher level of education, while the level of professionalism in the other occupations listed in the question is less high. Therefore, choice (b) is the correct answer.

Daft groups the dimensions of organization design into two basic categories. He sorts structural dimensions as formalization, specialization, the hierarchy of authority, centralization, professionalism and personnel ratios. So, (a), (b), (d), (e) are associated with the structural dimensions of organizations. He labels contextual dimensions as size, technology, environment, goals and strategy, and culture. Among these, size can be used to define not the whole but the part of an organization and it is generally measured by the number of employees. For example, the size of a factory belonging to a big business can be expressed by mentioning the number of employees. However, there are also other criteria such as total sales, total profit, total production amount and total assets to indicate size. In the given example, too, the number of the students are mentioned to describe the size of these organizations. So, choice (c) is the correct answer.

The concept of “intense competition”, regardless of the sector, has emerged in today’s fast-changing condition, which is more backbreaking than simple competition between companies. Globalization has caused competition to change its structural and dimensional form. The environment of businesses has increasingly become dynamic and the time factor has gained importance. The success of organizations that want to provide a competitive advantage depends on the ability to perceive the change around them and adapt to it quickly. To succeed in the intense competition environment, organizations must decrease their cost of production, increase their quality and exceed high above customers’ expectations. Therefore, choice (b) is the correct answer.

The social responsibility of organizations is to be accountable for individuals, communities, and environment influenced by their activities. This company, too, is environmentally sensitive, so it is careful about its ethical and social responsibilities. Choice (d) is the correct answer.