ÖRGÜT KURAMI VE TASARIMI

The history of organization theory studies dates back to 100 years, during which basic fields of interest and approaches have been changed. Today, organization theory still preserves its existence with various focal points. While this theory was about to transform in important ways, it took a completely different turn toward the 20th century and had a wide coverage in American business schools and business studies. The discipline of organization theory became one of the important fields of interest for managers who have to design a dynamic-structured organization within an unstable environment. Value chain management requires that managers interconnect their organizing processes with those of suppliers, distributors, and customers; organization theory not only supports the technical aspects of supply chain and business systems integration, but explains their political, social, and cultural aspects as well. Organizations are, by their nature, social structures with a highly dynamic system and intense interaction with the surrounding, which leads to treating organizations with different approaches from different academic fields. Not just organizational theorists, but also theoreticians from sociology, economics, psychology, and politics elaborate on organizations to understand and explain them. The way information flows through the organization affects work processes and outcomes, so knowing organization theory can help IT specialists identify, understand, and serve the organization’s informational needs as they design and promote the use of their information systems. The correct choice is answer E.

Organizations as organisms: By this metaphor, organizations relations with their surrounding is emphasized and their taking shape as a result of expectations and demands is expressed.

Organizations as brains:Learning and sharing information and knowledge are the basic concepts, which emphasizes that organizations also learn from their surroundings just like human beings . 


Organizations as Cultures: Organizations formed by individuals coming together make those individuals create some values and gather around them.

Organizations as Psychic Prisons: Organizations involve the unconscious, patriarchal, and repressed sexuality – both destructive and creative.

Organizations as Flux and Transformation: Organizations are complex, non-linear, self-organizing systems characterized by contradiction.

The correct answer is choice A.

Business concerns: The fundamental problem of these organizations is operating efficiency and achievement of maximum gain at minimum cost for further survival and growth in competition with other organization. Facebook, HSBC Bank, IBM, General Motors, Turkish Airlines are examples of these organizations.

Service organizations: Many service organizations are formed not for profit but for offering services to customers in the relevant community. 

Commonwealth organizations: The motivator of these organizations is not profit. 

Mutual benefit organizations: Political parties, clubs, and professional organizations are examples of mutual benefit organizations. Individuals tend to participate in these organizations just to make use of their own benefits to the organization. Members of these organizations begin shaping them since their establishment.

The correct answer is choice B.

After the industrial civilization began, structures of production and consumption began changing, too. Production mechanisms shifted to fabrication methods in small size establishments. Achievement of production efficiency came as a result of cooperation, which Adam Smith wrote in detail in his famous book Wealth of Nations (1760). The correct answer is choice D

Three important views of classical management school are those of F. Taylor, H. Fayol, and M. Weber. The ideas of these three important organization theorists make up the foundation of today’s organization theories. Following are the still used approaches of these authors. As the first author of these three, F. Taylor is the founder of scientific management. In scientific management, the aim is to produce more through increasing efficiency. The correct answer is choice C.

According to bureaucratic theory, if expanding and growing organizations do not desire to turn out to be inadequate, they must adhere to the ideal bureaucracy structure (Choice A).While the classical management thought tackles the structural and physical design of organizations, the behavioral school focuses on human relations within organizations (Choice C). The role of a manager in scientific management is to plan and organize the work, while the role of a worker is to fulfill the duties successfully assigned to him/her (Choice D). School of Management Principles contributed to management and organization theory in two important areas. First, this school determined the management functions such as planning, organization, chain of command, coordination, and control that are still valid and important to this day. As a second contribution, this school established 14 principals of management: Division of work, authority, responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure of personnel, initiative, and esprit de corps (Choice E). Following the classical period, studies of the behavioral school’s current representatives are known as the micro-organization theory. The basic contribution of the behavioral school to the classical management theory is the emphasis on the informal aspects of organizations. While the classical management thought tackles the structural and physical design of organizations, the behavioral school focuses on human relations within organizations. The correct answer is choice B

Modern approaches have tried to combine the thoughts of the previous schools; and they have additionally mentioned the interaction between organizations and their environments. Three great developments have contributed to the improvement of modern management and organization theories: improvements in system theory, behavioral sciences, and quantitative methods. The correct answer is choice A.

Choice A, B, and C are arguments of scientific management theory and D is argues by the bureaucratic theory. The contingency theory that regards the organization as a system argues that only one ever-successful management and organization style is not possible. The success of organizational structures will change depending on the conditions. This theory especially focuses on conditions, organization’s environment, technology, size, and variables. The correct answer is choice E.

Daft groups the dimensions of organization design into two basic categories. He sorts structural dimensions as formalization, specialization, the hierarchy of authority, centralization, professionalism and personnel ratios, while he labels contextual dimensions as size, technology, environment, goals and strategy, and culture. The correct answer is choice E.

The five strategies to improve organizational effectiveness are  making use of human resources, focusing on education and growth, keeping the customers in mind, working on quality services or products and using technology. The correct answer is choice C.

One of the most accepted, comprehensive and common definitions is the one made by C. I. Barnard, which argues that “organization is a system of consciously coordinated activities of two or more persons.” This very definition by Barnard is used commonly since it encompasses all organizations with different features. This definition increasingly emphasizes the coordination created among individuals. The common side of all organizations is to act in coordinated ways to reach their aims within a certain frame of aims.

In his "Images of Organization," Gareth Morgan explains the diversity in the field of organization theory and describes different perspectives on the organizations using metaphors. He identifies eight metaphors as Organizations as Machines, Organizations as Organisms,Organizations as Brains, Organizations as Cultures, Organizations as Political Systems, Organizations as Psychic Prisons, Organizations as Flux and Transformation, and Organizations as Instruments of Domination. "Beehive" is not among the metaphors he mentions.

"Organizations as Machines" metaphor described by Gareth Morgan emphasizes the technical, hierarchical, rational, prolific, mechanical, and productive aspects of organizations. Organizations mostly defined by classical organizational approaches are defined by this metaphor.

Organizations as Organisms: By this metaphor, organizations relations with
their surrounding is emphasized and their taking shape as a result of expectations and demands is expressed. And it is inspired by the general conceptual framework of systems and contingency theories.

Organizations as Brains: Learning and sharing information and knowledge are the basic concepts of this metaphor, which emphasizes that organizations also learn from their surroundings just like human beings.

According to the "Organizations as Psychic Prisons" metaphor, organizations involve the unconscious, patriarchal, and repressed sexuality – both destructive and creative.

Raison d’etre of mutual benefit organizations is to increase their members and thus the benefit they have. Political parties, clubs, and professional
organizations are examples of mutual benefit organizations. Individuals tend to participate in these organizations just to make use of their own benefits to the organization. Members of these organizations begin shaping them since their
establishment. However, when these organizations reach a certain size and become active in their environments, the potential of members to influence them decreases. This kind of organizations is inclined to conflicts. When the needs of members are not satisfied fully and completely, possible and potential conflicts and problems are among the most encountered problems with this type of organizations.

Business organizations are established with the aim of economic benefit. The fundamental problem of these organizations is operating efficiency and achievement of maximum gain at minimum cost for further survival and growth in competition with other organization. This type of organization has also a high failure rate.

Many service organizations are formed not for profit but for offering services to customers in the relevant community. Educational institutions, hospitals, animal protection associations, environment protect associations and various non-profit organizations are examples of these service organizations. These organizations are generally funded by small fees, donations, grants, contributions by members, or government assistance. The main beneficiaries of non-profit organizations are customers and communities. Their main problem is the lack of professional management.

Commonwealth organizations, which are basically for social services, are formed to offer standard services for the majority of the population. The motivator of these organizations is not profit. Police offices, army forces, courts, fire services, and other public institutions are examples of these organizations. The beneficiaries of commonwealth organizations are ordinary people in general.