ÖRGÜT KURAMI VE TASARIMI - Deneme Sınavı - 14

Organizational culture in Cameron and Quinn's model is said to be composed of two values in which each value competes within. Each continuum highlights a core value that is opposite from the value on the other end of the continuum and hence constructing a four-fielder. These core values are; • Stability and Control Vs. Flexibility and Discretion, • Internal Focus and Integration Vs. External Focus and Differentiation. When these two values are put together on an X-Y axis, four different quadrants depicting different forms organizations emerge.These four quadrants are named as clan, adhocracy, hierarchy, and market.

''Business leaders are less ethical today than they used to be'' is a myth. The reality is that the ethical concern in organizations has always been a pervasive issue.

How does use of technology help and support the organizations? The answers and explanations for this question are as follows:

• Technology can add economic value to organizations.

• Organizations can gain competitive advantage.

• Technology can improve the production of the existing goods and services.

• Technology can also improve new products, services and innovations.

• Technology can improve the relations among customers and organizations.

Technology is “the information necessary to achieve a certain production outcome from a particular means of combining or processing selected inputs which include production processes, intra-firm organizational structures, management techniques, and means of finance, marketing methods or any of its combination”

“Technique” refers to the set of scientific knowledge and experience to use to accomplish tasks; technology is the ability of using the scientific knowledge and experience with the help of tools, machines and materials.

Technology Management is defined as a process for planning and controlling the necessary technologies to shape and realize the strategic and functional goals of the organizations.

The main subjects of technology management are listed below.

• Human Resources Management

• Strategies and Politics • Product or Service Development

• Marketing, organizations and program management

• Transferring of technology

• Corporations among universities and industries

• Organizational structures and procedures

• Planning and controlling, mathematical and statistical modelling

• Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship, International Entrepreneurship

• Supply chain management

There may be need for tools to manage technology and its activities. These tools may help organizations to manage technology more effectively. On the other hand, individuals or groups in the organizations, which are applicable in the whole company, can use these tools. In the literature, many technology management methods are explained. Some of them are given below6: • Technology Management Framework - Computer Aided Manufacturing - Building Project Management - Work Process Engineering - Project Assessment - Product Design - Technology Measurement - Process Design - Engineering Design - Knowledge Management • Information Systems and Technology Management - Decision Support Systems - Object Oriented Programming - Computer Aided System Engineering - Information Based Systems - Database Applications. • Information and Communication Systems • Artificial Intelligence/ Expert Systems • Database technology • Modelling • Multivariate Statistical Techniques

Technology exploitation refers to the utilization of technologies to improve organizational performances of products, services and processes.

Innovation can be defined as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process…or a new organizational method”

Disruptive innovation refers to having the existent technical knowledge base and exploring a new business model.

Architectural innovation integrates new business models with new products that are based on new technical knowledge.

Innovation process has three stages: invention, development, and implementation.

Questioning, observing, networking, and experimenting trigger generating insights.

Routine innovation refers to having the existent business model, exploiting the existing technical knowledge base and small improvements of existent products.

Strategic change refers to alterations in a company’s corporate, business-level, and/or functional strategies. Mergers and acquisitions, outsourcing, and entering strategic alliances (franchising, equity alliance, joint venture, etc.) are the most common corporate change attempts.