ÖRGÜT KURAMI VE TASARIMI - Deneme Sınavı - 10

Protection of the technologies is the protection of knowledge and experiences during production processes13. It is also “the protection of unique of industrial and intellectual property of a company”. Intellectual Properties cover the skills and capabilities, technologies and brands of organizations. Patent, licensing activities and copyrights can be evaluated as protection activities.

Process innovation is a company’s effort to refine and improve its current processes.

Routine (incremental) innovation is based on having the existing business model, exploiting the existing knowledge base and small improvements of existing products. The majority of product innovations are incremental ones, such as adding an extra blade with each new version of the razor, putting a new and faster chip into the PC, and redesigning an automobile model, since it is easier and less risky than radical innovation.

Routine (incremental) innovation is based on having the existing business model, exploiting the existing knowledge base and small improvements of existing products. The majority of product innovations are incremental ones, such as adding an extra blade with each new version of the razor, putting a new and faster chip into the PC, and redesigning an automobile model, since it is easier and less risky than radical innovation.

Routine (incremental) innovation is based on having the existing business model, exploiting the existing knowledge base and small improvements of existing products. The majority of product innovations are incremental ones, such as adding an extra blade with each new version of the razor, putting a new and faster chip into the PC, and redesigning an automobile model, since it is easier and less risky than radical innovation.

Disruptive innovation requires a new business model but not necessarily a technological breakthrough.

Radical innovation is based on existent business model and exploring novel technology, and development of new and different products such as biotechnology for pharmaceutical companies, jet engines for airplane manufacturers, and fiber-optic cable for telecommunication companies.

Architectural innovation integrates new business models with new products that are based on new technical knowledge.

Disruptive innovation requires a new business model but not necessarily a technological breakthrough. For that reason, it also challenges or disrupts, the business models of other companies. For example, ride-hailing companies, streaming media companies, and web-based book retailers are disrupting taxis, television networks, and book retailers at physical locations, respectively.

Disruptive-Architectural innovations require a new business model.

Routine-Radical innovations leverage the existing business model.

Based on a review of cultural approaches Mats Alvesson from the Lund University of Sweden concludes that culture has specific characteristics stated below.2

Culture is related to history and traditions.

Meanings attached to culture has deeper roots that can go below the level of one’s consciousness. For this reason, it is not an easy concept, requires further explanations

for thorough understanding.

Culture is collectively shared by a group of

people.

Culture has strong ties with intangible

dimensions such as perspectives, beliefs, and knowledge. Culture has to be interpreted rather than talked.

Culture is not a rational and analytical phenomenon; it is more of an integrative, subjective, and emotional phenomenon.

The correct answer is Choice A.

Although culture has become one of the most popular concepts of management and organization curriculum by the 1980’s, studies that can be linked to organizational culture has much deeper historical roots. For example, you may recall Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 - 1915) from your business management course as the father of scientific management. Taylor published e Principles of Scientific Management in 1911 through which he heralded the introduction of scientific principles into work. But a closer look at Taylor’s scientific management principles will reveal cultural aspects of a system through which he standardizes work and eventually the process leads to the minimization of employees’ resistance. Instead of workers’ values, the introduction of scientific management nurtured values of managers. Another well-known study which shapes the way how organizations function is the famous Hawthorne Studies, led by Harvard Business School professor Elton Mayo at Western Electric Hawthorne Works Plant between 1924 – 1933. Based on Hawthorne Studies’ outcome Mayo’s protégé Fritz Rothlisberger and his colleague William John Dickson reports that social factors rather than physical factors are found to be much more important for increasing the level efficiency. The correct answer is Choice E.

By the end of 1970s modern societies witnessed widespread diffusion of individualism that alienated people from the society. Lonely people searching for an identity celebrated organizational culture as a haven. Organizational culture allowed people to answer aching questions for raison d’etre! “Who am I, what is my reason for being in this world? what this organization stands for?” are all examples of questions asked and generally found an explanation within the concept of organizational culture. Production process was upgraded to an advanced level in which automation became widespread. Moreover, the volume of service industry gradually surpassed goods production in many developed countries. us, employees had to be more customer-focused and technically qualified. Consequently, skilful and well- trained employees preferred independent working conditions. Organizational culture, as a way of controlling employee behaviour, allows members to use their judgment, and act more freely within de ned organizational norms. Once members of the organizations cultivated with organizational values, close supervision will be redundant. Machine bureaucracy gradually became less useful in managing people: Scientific management was the paradigm relevant to 1960s and 1970s. During 1980s validity of scientific management as the only paradigm for managing people started to be scrutinised. e effectiveness of objective and mathematical management techniques like time-and-motion studies was challenged. is movement led scholars focusing on the human aspect of management, or in other words, “soft” aspects of organizations. After the devastation experienced by Japan following the 2nd World War, Japan’s reborn as an economic power found to be related to the Japanese management style. Globalization which is generally equated with getting rid of economic, political, cultural, and technological barriers led to an increase in awareness and curiosity in the global west for the east. It was self-evident that Japanese miracle was mostly related to the Japanese cultural value system and its reflections within Japanese organizations. Other countries also tried to understand and encapsulate these re ections for themselves, and hence the interest in the cultural aspect of organizations tend to strengthen. The correct answer is Choice E.

Edgar H. Schein, Sloan Professor of Management Emeritus at the Sloan School of Management at the MIT views organizational culture as shared and mutually accepted values, beliefs, and assumptions. In his classic book called Organizational Culture and Leadership Schein (1985) warns us that culture is not just what we see, and adds that culture is generally deeply rooted sub-consciously in people’s minds. The correct answer is Choice D.

How does use of technology help and support the organizations? The answers and explanations for this question are as follows:

• Technology can add economic value to organizations.

• Organizations can gain competitive advantage.

• Technology can improve the production of the existing goods and services.

• Technology can also improve new products, services and innovations.

• Technology can improve the relations among customers and organizations.

The term “technique” refers to the set of scientific knowledge and experience to use to accomplish tasks, technology is the ability of using the scientific knowledge and experience with the help of tools, machines and materials.

Subculture is defined as groups sharing overall cultural values of the society but diverges from these groups by holding different values brought by their lifestyles, values, and norms. The correct answer is Choice B.

The main subjects of technology management are listed below.

• Human Resources Management

• Strategies and Politics

• Product or Service Development

• Marketing, organizations and program management

• Transferring of technology

• Corporations among universities and industries

• Organizational structures and procedures

• Planning and controlling, mathematical and statistical modelling

• Entrepreneurship and Intrapreneurship, International Entrepreneurship

• Supply chain management

Organizations reaching certain levels regarding size will generally have three subculture namely operational, technical, and managerial. Operational subculture is usually known as the culture of blue- collar workers who conduct technical tasks within the organization for accomplishing day-to-day operations. Technical subculture, on the other hand, is both shared by blue- and white-collar workers who have technical knowledge. Managerial subculture is self-evident that shared by managers usually positioned at the upper echelons of the organizational hierarchy. The correct answer is Choice C.