ÖRGÜT KURAMI VE TASARIMI - Deneme Sınavı - 4

2. Organizations as Organisms: By this metaphor, organizations relations with their surrounding is emphasized and their taking shape as a result of expectations and demands is expressed. And it is inspired by the general conceptual framework of systems and contingency theories.

3. Organizations as Brains: Learning and sharing information and knowledge are the basic concepts of this metaphor, which emphasizes that organizations also learn from their surroundings just like human beings.

4. Organizations as Cultures: Organizations formed by individuals coming together make those individuals create some values and gather around them. The common goal, vision, and values shared by individuals forming the organizations are defined by social constructionism using this metaphor.

5. Organizations as Political Systems: This metaphor is about the inclusion of organizations in the clash of power and interests and their resting some activities on political moves they make to find funding.

6. Organizations as Psychic Prisons: Organizations involve the unconscious, patriarchal, and repressed sexuality – both destructive and creative.

7. Organizations as Flux and Transformation: Organizations are complex, non-linear, self-organizing systems characterized by contradiction. Chaos and complexity theory explains this perspective.

8. Organizations as Instruments of Domination: Organizations are institutions in which people are alienated, oppressed and exploited, and they have to comply with corporate interests. Marxist studies explain this perspective.

• Finished goods

• Servies

• Dividends

• Salaries

• Value for stakeholders

It is possible to define organizational technology as a total of technical tools used for transforming inputs into outputs and actions during this transformation process. This is about how the organization offers the service for its customers and produces the product. The working method and models of the organization is a part of its technology. It is also known that there is a different organizational structure for each kind of technology and a direct relationship between technology and structure.

In the present day, organizations operate in an environment where globalization, intense competition, and technological developments take the stage. Organizations that cannot adapt to these changes are not likely to survive. The number of variables for a high-performance delivery, outcompeting and reaching the desired goals has recently increased. Organizations now challenge many more difficulties than they used to in the past. They have to operate in a more complex and intense environment. These concepts faced by businesses sometimes create opportunities for them, but sometimes make the management issues harder. These basic concepts explained below are the constant variables of businesses’ environment.