ÖRGÜT KURAMI VE TASARIMI - Deneme Sınavı - 10

Organizational design refers to the complete specification of the strategy, structure, and processes of the organization.

Personal pay, which is based on the individual compliance with rules or directives.Usually, personal pay-based systems take the form of a contract through which employee behavior is measured regarding people coming on at a particular time and then working for some hours.

The M-form groups functions according to the specific demands of products, markets, or customers.

Mass production technologies produce vast numbers of identical products using highly routinized and often mechanized procedures. These technologies involve breaking the total production process into many discrete steps that can be performed either by human hands or machines. Automobile, computer, and processed food manufacturing are examples for mass production.

Intensive technologies necessitate coordinating the specialized abilities of two or more experts in the transformation of a usually unique input into a customized output.

Mediating technologies serve parties by bringing them together in an exchange or other transaction. Banks, online marketplaces, and social network companies all operate using mediating technology that links the participants by helping them locate one another and conduct their transactions, often without ever having to meet physically.

The machine bureaucracy is huge, typically mature, and is often oriented to mass production.

the M-form offers enhanced responsiveness to the needs of customers because of the specialization allows greater focus on the businesses each division operates.

The matrix form has significant advantages. One is tremendous flexibility to tackle new projects.

All HR activities from recruiting to compensation have organizational implications and hence benefit from the knowledge provided by the organization theory; organizational development and change are particularly important elements of HR that demand a deep knowledge of organizations and organizing, and organization theory provides content for executive training programs.

Organizations as Machines: This metaphor emphasizes the technical, hierarchical, rational, prolific, mechanical, and productive aspects of organizations. Organizations mostly defined by classical organizational approaches are defined by this metaphor.

Political parties, clubs, and professional organizations are examples of mutual benefit organizations. Individuals tend to participate in these organizations just to make use of their own benefits to the organization. Members of these organizations begin shaping them since their establishment.

Many service organizations are formed not for profit but for offering services to customers in the relevant community. Educational institutions, hospitals, animal protection associations, environment protect associations and various non-profit organizations are examples of these service organizations.

Three important views representing Classical management school of thought are those of F. Taylor, H. Fayol, and M. Weber. The ideas of these three important organization theorists make up the foundation of today’s organization theories. Following are the still used approaches of these authors.

We may basically ground this approach on these four elements:

1. One best way: Organizational issues must be examined through observations and analyses on the scientific base. Owing to this knowledge obtained from scientific methods, it is possible to develop one valid and correct business model for all organizations. A way to make a business effectively and efficiently must be found.

2. Scientific selection of personnel: Even though personnel has certain restrictions, the management can offer necessary training for personnel and improve their capacities. The management must understand what is required for maximum efficiency and offer the relevant training using scientific methods.

3. Financial incentives: Taylor knew that making use of the correct person did not guarantee efficiency and suggested that financial incentives must be used regarding the performance of employees.

4. Functional foremanship: Taylor argued and defended that managers must make plans, while the employees must work according to divided and specialized jobs in direction with this planning.

Environmental and internal concerns are related to contingency theory.

Organization’s Conversion Process

The organization transforms inputs and adds value to them via:

• Machinery • Computers • Human skills and abilities

Formalization: This means concentration on adherence to certain principles and methods while operating in an organization. If what, when, where, how, and who to do something is specified in detail and entitled to follow these, formalization can be regarded as high. In short, formalization is about the organization’s written business definitions, rules, procedures and communications, which include written policies, handbooks, job/business definitions activity guides, organizational schemes, management and technical systems, etc.

It is possible to define organizational technology as a total of technical tools used for transforming inputs into outputs and actions during this transformation process. This is about how the organization offers the service for its customers and produces the product.

Organizational effectiveness indicates that how an organization satisfies the demands of various groups. Effectiveness means an evaluation of the usefulness of an organization’s work and how sources are used during this process and also the level of achieving the result that the organization aims to reach. Efficiency is the criterion for the capability of doing things right during the value creation process and effectiveness is the measure of realizing the plans made beforehand, while productivity means producing an output with the least possible input.

In the present day, organizations operate in an environment where globalization, intense competition, digitalization and innovation take the stage. Organizations that cannot adapt to these changes are not likely to survive.

So many authors have presented their ideas to define existing organizations of our lives. There are so many comprehensive definitions that emphasize different specifics of organizations. One of the most accepted, comprehensive and common definitions is the one made by C. I. Barnard, which argues that “organization is a system of consciously coordinated activities of two or more persons.” This very definition by Barnard is used commonly since it encompasses all organizations with different features. This definition increasingly emphasizes the coordination created among individuals. The common side of all organizations is to act in coordinated ways to reach their aims within a certain frame of aims. As two prestigious names in the field of organizational studies, Blau P.M. and Scott W.R. extend the scope of the definition above and utter these words: “The accomplishment of an objective requires collective effort, men set up an organization designed to coordinate the activities of many persons and to furnish incentives for others to join them for this purpose.” There are many other definitions by various other theorists. The definitions above are common ones, which make us prefer them to include in our text. The reason for this much variety about the definitions of organizations is related to the nature of the organizational structure. Organizations are, by their nature, social structures with a highly dynamic system and intense interaction with the surrounding, which leads to treating organizations with different approaches from different academic fields. Not just organizational theorists, but also theoreticians from sociology, economics, psychology, and politics elaborate on organizations to understand and explain them. Organizational theory field has also drawn a lot from other academic disciplines. Researchers that were influenced by different disciplines and trends within organization theory strived for understanding organizations with differenttheoretical backgrounds, which caused various schools of thoughts to emerge. As also understood from the information given the correct answer is “E”.