KÜRESEL POLİTİK EKONOMİ

Globalists views
• Globalization is real and unique
• Globalization is an evolving process reducing continuously the pace of nation-state
• Optimistic view of the outcome of globalization
• increasingly important role played by transnational and multilateral corporations and theemergence
of a new global division of labour
• Multilateralism as the dominant mode of governance
• multi-layered global governance

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Globaphilia Vs Globophobia.
Globaphilia
• Emphasizes the positive side of globalization, and deemphasizes its negative sides.
• Positive aspects of globalization include economic growth and spread of democracy and civil liberties.
Globophobia
• emphasizes the negative impact of globalization on the less wealthy people of the world.
• Globalization leads to greater inequality
Middle Ground approach
• All positive and negative issues in this world do not entirely find their root cause into the globalization
process.

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Phases of Globalization
• 1st Phase (1860-1914): British economic leadership:

• 2nd Phase (post-WWII-1990): under the leadership of the USA as the world’s super-economic power;

• 3rd Phase (1990-2008): US Economic leadership: 

• 4th phase (2008-present): US and China’s economic leadership: 

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THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Each IR theory has its own approach to and understanding of globalization. They offer different perspectives on globalization in accordance their own conceptua-lization of world politics. Each theory responds to the rise of globalization, its
opportunities and limitations based on their own theoretical framework.

Whereas globalization is a long term historical process, internationalization and
regionalization are spatially delimited processes. Despite the fact that internationalization leads to the increasing interdependence between states,
states are still acknowledged as national units. However, globalization is informed by the clear separation of the internal and external spaces. Doğru yanıt " E " dir.

Immanuel Wallerstein
Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein, born on September 28, 1930 is an American sociologist and world-systems analyst, best known for his famous book “The Modern World System” published in 1974. His main arguments in this book is that contrary to empires, the modern world system extensively relies on endless accumulation of capital through economic control of the world order and exploitation of the peripheral countries by the wealthiest core countries and semi-peripheral countries ensuring the continuity and stability of the system. He is currently a Senior Research Scholar at Yale University. Doğru yanıt " A " dır.

George Soros, in his analysis of economic globalization, argues: “The global capitalist system has produced a very uneven playing field” (Soros, 1998: xix) and has reduced significantly the power of the individuals to determine their destiny. Doğru yanıt " B " dir.

Populism: Populism stems from the belief that holds globalization responsible for the degradation of norms and values, economic, social and political rights. In this sense, populist proponents are fiercely against liberal free trade market, regional integration, immigration, Muslims and capital export. Doğru yanıt " C " dir.

Globalization and Nation-States
Regarding the effects of globalization on nationstates, Susan Strange mentions that technological change and the escalation of capital costs have led to a declining power of the state. Strange points out however that paradoxically there has also been a growing state intervention into people’s daily lives, especially on marginal issues (Strange, 2015: 232-238). Doğru yanıt " D " dir.

Schengen Agreement: The Schengen Agreement is a treaty signed on 14 June 1985 and which results in the formation of a schengen area whereinternal border controls are mostly suppressed and people movefreely within this schengen area. Initially signed by five of the ten member states of the European Economic Community, it has been enlarged to currently 26 EU member states.The Dublin convention was signed in June 1990 to regulate the conditions of concrete implementation of the Schengen agreement such as abolishing border controls in the schengen area, unifying the procedure for visa delivery, putting into place a Schengen Information System and establishing a cooperation structure between internal and immigration officers. Doğru yanıt " E " dir.

Globalization is a contested term. In conventional terms, globalization includes the integration of capital, product and labour markets across the borders of national politics. Generally speaking, Globalization is mainly about promoting and guaranteeing free trade and individual liberties and making the world borderless and prosperous.

The Marxist theory of IR considers globalization the end result of capitalism and contributes to the increasing of divides between the economic classes in societies. Marxists see globalization as a concept or process which has been used in the benefit of international capitalism.

Constructivists criticize the way globalization has been presented as a process which has been externally pushed and which cannot be challenged by the leaders. They see globalization as a political phenomenon which is generally taken for granted by the leaders.

Globalization is a cyclical process with periods of hyper-globalization and deglobalization. The world is currently in a phase of increasing de-globalization materialized by increasing global inequality, the Brexit success, President Trump’s nationalist stance, anti-immigration, and trade war policies and the rise of ultranationalist political parties in Europe.

Globalization and internationalization are generally used as interchangeable terms but both terms are totally distinct. Indeed, whereas internationalization is about increasing economic and political relations among nations and uses the nations as the basic unit, globalization however refers to a historical process leading to a change in human social space which increases interconnectedness among communities.

Poststructuralists see globalization as a discourse. Given this, they acknowledge that any claim made about globalization serves in the interest of a specific political discourse. Since each IR theory has its own truth about globalization, poststructuralists consider their discourses as a product of power. For them, a historical analysis is needed in order to grasp the role played by power in the making of discourse on globalization.

Joseph Stiglitz (2012) in his book “The Price of Inequality” underlines that the growing inequality might become one of the most destructive aspects of globalization. He further goes on to write that “Globalization has helped hundreds of millions of people attain higher standards of living.

Populism: Populism stems from the belief that holds globalization responsible for the degradation of norms and values, economic, social and political rights. In this sense, populist proponents are fiercely against liberal free trade market, regional integration, immigration, Muslims and capital export.

The Schengen Agreement is a treaty signed on 14 June 1985 and which results in the formation of a Schengen area where internal border controls are mostly suppressed and people move freely within this Schengen area. Initially signed by five of the ten member states of the European Economic Community, it has been enlarged to currently 26 EU member states.