KÜRESEL POLİTİK EKONOMİ

The first person to use this concept is the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. He defined the concept of political economy as a tax imposed to cover the expenses of the state.

The main characteristics of the International Political Economy can be listed as follows (Al, 2015: 147): • IPE is a branch of science in which the economic system and the political system work together. • IPE is not a branch of science that can only be studied theoretically. • With globalization, the development process of IPE has accelerated. • Due to the large number of terms it covers and uses, it covers a wide area that can be understood with different approaches. • IPE has an autonomous structure. • The emergence and development of IPE as a separate discipline has led to the establishment of international organizations

There are some concepts associated with these five theories. In the Realist approach, nation states, power, survival, security, and anarchy; in the Liberal approach, the individual, capital flows, open market, and invisible hand; in the Marxist approach, class, interest, exploitation, bourgeois, and proletariat; in the Constructivist approach, idea, norm, discourse, belief, and structure-maker relationship; and in the Feminist approach, concepts such as gender equality, sexist exploitation, and the end to oppression come to the fore.

There are some concepts associated with these five theories. In the Realist approach, nation states, power, survival, security, and anarchy; in the Liberal approach, the individual, capital flows, open market, and invisible hand; in the Marxist approach, class, interest, exploitation, bourgeois, and proletariat; in the Constructivist approach, idea, norm, discourse, belief, and structure-maker relationship; and in the Feminist approach, concepts such as gender equality, sexist exploitation, and the end to oppression come to the fore.

Proletariat: Marx used proletariat to define the working class that is working for a wage for the profit of the employer class with the means of production, which was used to define the subclass of society until the 19th century.

The founder of this theory is Immanuel Wallerstein. This theory emerged as a continuation of the analysis of social scientists such as Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim, and the concept of “semi-periphery countries” was added to the concepts of core-periphery countries.

The basic unit of analysis in realism/mercantilism is the "state" and the main purpose of national economy is to increase the power of the state with national economic development.

Globalization, which is considered as a process, consists of four waves-four stages (İrge & Al, 2017: 463). The first phase started with the conquest of Istanbul, by Fatih Sultan Mehmet, which ended the Byzantine Empire, closed the Middle Ages, and symbolized the beginning of the New Age. After the invention of the big cannons, and the Ottoman’s dominating the Silk and Spice trade routes, the Western actors, who are looking for new quests, made geographical discoveries as a result of these searches. Western states, which obtained precious metals in the new regions reached with these discoveries, claimed that the real wealth was these mines and led to the emergence of mercantilist thinking, which is the understanding that will dominate global trade for three centuries (Elçin, 2012: 7). The first wave of globalization that began in the 1490s was experienced by the influence of mercantilism and resulted in colonialism.

The concept of political economy, based on the words “polis” (independent city state) and “oikonomike” (management of assets) in ancient Greek, means the management of a country’s people or state.

Soviet leader Vladimir I. Lenin, the intellectual father of the Imperialist Theory, reached the highest level of capitalism. According to Lenin, who based his ideas on Marxist theory, in the global system, the imperialist states cannot find the opportunity to convert their capital into investment in industrialized countries.

When the literature is examined, it is seen that the emergence of IPE is started in the 1970s and it is emphasized that it has a short history in the field of social sciences. However, it is clear that the concept of political economy, derived from the merger of two words in ancient Greek, was first used by Aristotle.

When we look at the literature, it is seen that the concept of International Political Economy (IPE) and the concept of International Economy Politic (IEP) are used interchangeably.

The concept of political economy, based on the words “polis” (independent city state) and “oikonomike” (management of assets) in ancient Greek, means the management of a country’s people or state.

IPE, with its four levels of analysis, can find solutions by examining, investigating, criticizing and interpreting many issues such as global crises, wars, collaborations, and human behaviors as a whole. We can sort the four levels of analysis of IPE from top to bottom as global level, inter-state level, state-society level and individual level.

The international trade has been under the control of the Roman Empire, the Vikings and the Arabs from the 5th century to the 13th century, and from the 13th century onwards, different dimensions have been reached with the invention of ships. It’s seen that in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Venetians, the Spanish, the Portuguese, the Ottomans, and the Chinese; and in the 17th century, British and Dutch were highly active in trade. The important point here is that mercantilism that emerged by the influence of Machiavelli between the 15th and 18th centuries dominated the international arena.

As a result of this war, the political map of the world was redrawn and the colonial areas were redistributed according to the secret treaties made during the war. During the nineteenth century, Britain lost its status as a hegemonic state in the international system, and instead the United States became a new hegemonic state.

The economic dimension of international relations has lost a great deal of importance during the period when the powerful states of the global system have minimized the conflicts in the economy thanks to the institutions (International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)) established under the Bretton Woods system.

In the Realist approach, nation states, power, survival, security, and anarchy; in the Liberal approach, the individual, capital flows, open market, and invisible hand; in the Marxist approach, class, interest, exploitation, bourgeois, and proletariat; in the Constructivist approach, idea, norm, discourse, belief, and structure-maker relationship; and in the Feminist approach, concepts such as gender equality, sexist exploitation, and the end to oppression come to the fore

we must mention Immanuel Wallerstein, who has left its mark on this period with his World System Theory. This theory emerged as a continuation of the analysis of social scientists such as Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim, and the concept of “semi-periphery countries” was added to the concepts of core-periphery countries.

Trade: The sale and purchase of goods and services and all values that can be expressed with money for the purpose of profit.