Current Issues in Globalization

Respatialization is a reconfiguration of social geography
with increased trans-planetary connections
between people and as a process (or set of processes)
which embodies a transformation in the spatial
organization of social relations and transactions.

Globalization from above refers
to the fact that the process is created and
controlled by centralized and powerful
groups and imposed on less powerful groups.

Globalists generally contend that globalization
is a real phenomenon although it might not be allencompassing; the sceptics contend that instead of talking about one process of globalization, there are
many globalizations and factors such as the active
exclusion of an important part of the globalization
process, existing national and regional barriers
significantly reduce and if not prevent global flows.

The globaphiliacs  tend to emphasize its
positive sides. The globaphilis on the other hand contend that globalization
leads to greater inequality.

Those who are in the middle regarding the impact of globalization defend that all positive and negative issues in this world do not entirely find their root cause into the globalization process.

Materialists which is driven by  Marxism, tends to identify objective factors such as capitalism, technology, and multinational corporations as the driving forces of contemporary globalization.

The first phase of globalization started in 1860 and ended in 1914 under Britain’s
economic leadership. The main driver to push globalization is mentioned to be  related to the strong internationalization of Europe and north America in these years.

The second phase started in the post-second world war under the leadership of the USA as the
world’s super-economic power.

The third phase is in-between the post-cold war era and the beginning of the 2008 financial and
economic crisis. With the collapse of the Berlin wall and of the Soviet Union, globalization became a
popular force embraced by many nations since then.

This phase is connected to the current and fourth phase through the financial developments as a result of 2008 crisis.

Realism does not put globalization at the center
of its analysis. Their state-centric approach prevents
realists from attributing to globalization a greater
importance in the assessment of the international
political system.

Liberalism on the other hand, considers globalization as an
ensemble of processes leading to a great shift in
world politics.

The Marxist theory  considers globalization
the end result of capitalism and contributes to the
increasing of divides between the economic classes
in societies.

More positively:They see globalization as a political
phenomenon which is generally taken for granted
by the leaders. For constructivists, it is possible to
shape globalization in a positive way.

Postcolonialists are similar to the Marxist approach who posits that there exists several signs of
colonialism in globalization.They describe it with North& South example:  the Global North still tends to dominate the Global South economically, politically and militarily in a different way compared to the past.

Deglobalization can be understood as “reconstruction”
and “reorientation” aimed at overcoming the
hindrances for achieving long-term sustainable
economy.

Political, fiscal, and political developments accelerated by the powers of globalization led to the protectionist policies of states. Some are the Brexit success, president Trump’s nationalist stance,
anti-immigration, and trade war policies and the rise of ultranationalist political parties in Europe. Also overdoing of global actors pushed political leaders and actors to increasingly raise their voice for a restructuring of the global financial institutions to be more representative of the interests of the masses. 

Some scholars with Marxist stance
consider globalization as the worldwide expansion
of the capitalist system. Some argue that the mid-19th century
capitalist world system stemmed from the sixteenth
century system where European traders established
enduring connections with Asia, Africa, and the
Americas. 

Other scholars argue that the capitalist system
and the world economy complement each other
because the capitalist system prioritizes the endless
accumulation of capital, which can only be
achieved in a world economy which provides for
large market and a multiplicity of states to increase
economic partners.

Globalization and internationalization are
generally used as interchangeable terms but
both terms are totally distinct. Indeed, whereas
internationalization is about increasing economic
and political relations among nations and uses
the nations as the basic unit, globalization
on the other hand  refers to an almost full integrity and mobility of economies, politics, cultures, operations, products, and people.
 

Populism stems from the belief that holds globalization responsible for the degradation
of norms and values, economic, social and political rights.Increasing dissatisfaction with globalization has led to growing revival of national belongings among citizens and populism by political elites. In this context, the pervasive role played by multilateral corporations has increased the sense of insecurity among communities which can further result in protectionism, new localism and regionalism.

Stiglitz argues that the success or failure of globalization depends mainly on
it has been managed and he blames IMF for having mismanaged globalization. Globalization
can lead to successful outcomes when managed by a national government that welcomes the
characteristics of individual countries worldwide. Also he mentioned in equality around the world as one of the desctructive results of globalization.

Globalization accelerated the borderlesness among people, products, services, etc, thus free mobility around the world. This has positively impacted employment opportunities for people from developing countries towards developed economies. However, the 2008 crisis has led many countries to adopt some austerity policies defined as an array of fiscal
or economic policies implemented by governments
to decrease its deficits. One of the measures seriously applied by governments has been the restrictions for free mobility and migration.