KÜRESEL GÜNEY VE YÜKSELEN GÜÇLER

The outbreak of the republican revolution in 1911 (also known as Xinhai Revolution) is a major turning point in China’s history. On this occasion, China’s last emperor Pu-Yi was abdicated, and the republic was proclaimed on January 1, 1912. Sun Yat-Sen has become the first president of the Republic of China. This marked the end of the 268-year rule of the Qing dynasty along with the monarchic regime in China.

The correct answer is B.

Xiaoping initiated a reform program based on opening China’s economy, which gave way to today’s economic giant China. That’s the reason why Deng is known as the “Architect of Modern China”. 1) He initiated what he called “four modernizations”, i.e. economy, agriculture, science and national defense. 2) When he came to power, China’s population had already exceeded one billion people, and migration accelerated from rural areas to more industrialized centers. Deng introduced China’s strict birth planning program, known as “one-child policy”, because he believed controlling the size of the population was key to sustain the country’s economic development. 3) The Tiananmen Square events in June 1989 showed that the CPC leadership had no intention whatsoever to allow democratization in the country, as they used lethal force to disperse thousands of university students gathered in Beijing’s biggest square to ask for freedom of speech. 4) Alongside his economic success, Deng Xiaoping is also the architect of today’s Chinese political system, as he pushed for a new constitution in 1982.

The retrocession of Hong Kong, formerly a British colony, to the People’s Republic of China happened during the presidency of Jiang Zemin in 1997.

The correct answer is E.

The NPC holds an annual session in spring, lasting between 10 to 14 days, the main objective being officially to review what the government has accomplished during the last year, and what it is planning to do in the year ahead.

The correct answer is A.

Hong Kong and Macau are the two Special Administrative Regions (SAR) in China. These SARs enjoy, according to their Basic Laws and the international treaties concluded between China and the UK or Portugal, wide autonomies; and theoretically, they are self-governing bodies. They also use their own currency, The Hong Kong Dollar for Hong Kong and The Pataka for Macau. Each SAR has a chief executive, a regional government, and an elected parliamentary body. However, the SARs are not totally independent as they rely on Beijing for their foreign relations and defense.

The correct answer is D.

Standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin, is the official language of the country. It serves as the common language for all Chinese, and used in education and the press. It is also the tool of communication between diverse regions of the country which are marked by important dialectal differences.

The correct answer is C.

Beijing created a “Patriotic Church” for the country’s Catholics. However, the PRC does not allow them to have any formal relationship with the Pope.

The correct answer is D.

Ecological issues: One of the major deleterious consequences of China’s rapid economic growth is the impact on global warming. Fossil fuels are still widely used in China’s industry. As a result, China is the biggest polluter in the world. Recently, China decided to change its stance on environmental issues, and thus became one of the most eager participants of COP21 Paris Climate Agreement (2015), announcing its ambition to reach zero-net CO2 emissions by 2050.

Aging population: China’s aging population is a major threat for its future economic development.

Growing national debt: China’s corporate debt is higher than any other country, which is a serious fragility.

Impact of the pandemic: The Chinese economy had a sharp decline during the first three months of 2020 due to lockdowns imposed by local authorities to slow down the spread of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

The correct answer is B.

Almost all of China’s export goods are manufacturers (%95) and its main export partners are the United States (%20), the European Union (%17), the ASEAN countries (%13), Japan (%6), South Korea, India and Russia.

The correct answer is E.

Despite good economic relations, there are some tensions in political relations, because of the EU’s criticism on China’s human rights record, especially with regard to Hong Kong and Xinjiang. For example, an embargo on arms sales was imposed on China in 1989 after the Tiananmen Square events.

The correct answer is B.

e

d

c

b

d

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e

c

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a