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There is also evidence of emerging power’s interchangeable use with phrases such as “middle power,” “emerging market,” and “regional power.”

The term Global South was used to define geographical regions with less clear boundaries and characterized by capitalism. The Global South, therefore, represents people who are subjected to the control of the border of otherwise richer countries. Its usage is dependent on the traditional analysis of the North’s geographic boundaries that varied from that of the South. Subsequently, over time and due to immigration, Northern people were in the Southern territories and Southerners in the Northern territories. The term global herein is used to refer to the South from an indirect geographical perspective. Instead, the term Global South emerged as a reference to the region beyond the geographic locations, and otherwise biased perspective of the developmentalism school of thought. To create a distinction in their definitions, “Global” was included to “South” to identify the term as one that does not merely refer to geographical classifications but as a notation to the existing unequal global power relations, imperialism, and neo-colonialism.

Moravcsik contends that the theory of liberal international views globalization from the bottom-top approach.

On the other hand, some researchers demonstrate that this development reflects the rise of what has variously been described as the Beijing Consensus, the China model or state capitalism all of which challenge the US-centred, neoliberal Washington Consensus.

Liberals perceive the efforts by the Obama administration through the Asia Pivot Policy since 2012 to date is also seen to have significantly contributed to the amalgamation of China into the liberal international order, which further prevents the likelihood of the same from interfering or challenging the current hegemony.

A significant shortcoming with the approaches is their proposition that the developing nations would remain underdeveloped as long as they are dependent or integral in the international system which involved the developed nations. This assumption was challenged after 1970 when some developing nations started experiencing significant and exponential growth and industrialization. Among such countries include South Korea and Taiwan.

This will further ensure that developing countries, in a way, address the disparity in the balance of trade. The primary advancement strategy adopted in the colonized third world nations was the policy of import substitution industrialization (ISI) that was implemented from the early 1950s to the mid-1980s.

The recent rise of BRICS and the earlier rise of newly industrializing countries (NICs) in East Asia meant that the periphery approach was challenged. Further, this led to a shift in emphasis on comprehending the rise in Africa and the fall of the US by the WST analysis.

In the 1900s, few would have foreseen a country as Brazil receiving recognition as a major player in the international high table. Similarly, no one would have anticipated the decline of the USA and Russia’s strain in sustaining its voice in the global order. While one may have predicted the rise of India and China due to their vast population and large size if they could solve their primary challenges, but only a few could have anticipated Japan’s plunge in the last two decades. The 1990 era of two superpowers was in several aspects simpler and easier to comprehend

While China presents itself as a probable contender for the role of a superpower, it currently reveals no inclination to this significant position. The 21st century is indicative of the rise of a post-superpower era perhaps due to the existence of multiple great powers experiencing a plethora of transnational difficulties than ever witnessed.

This sudden rise of the South over the past few years is an outcome of the noticeable market-friendly policies implemented by the West. However, it is also an imminent menace to the West and, more specifically, to the USA.

Power Status
Great Powers: Statu quoists- Reformists
Rising Powers: Reformists-Revisionists

These include Argentina, Nigeria, Qatar, and Turkey 5 Global South and Emerging Powers 1 to mention but a few. Over time other groupings including CIVETS (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa), N-11 (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey and Vietnam), and MINTS (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey) have become noticeable by scholars and researchers of international affairs.

A term popularized by the economist Jim O’Neill in the “Building Better Global Economic BRICs” research to improve attention on the rapidly increasing economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. South Africa joined this family in 2011.

MINT countries include Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey. Doğru yanıt D seçeneğidir.

Only the BRICS reveal a significant capability to challenge the existing US rule as a superpower despite several emerging middle powers. Similarly, it has become increasingly undeniable that this economic advancement of Mexico and South Korea has stirred extensive international influence for many countries.. Bu nedenledoğru seçenek C seçeneğidir.

The term global herein is used to refer to the South from an indirect geographical perspective. Instead, the term Global South emerged as a reference to the region beyond the geographic locations, and otherwise biased perspective of the developmentalism school of thought. To create a distinction in their definitions, “Global” was included to “South” to identify the term as one that does not merely refer to geographical classifications but as a notation to the existing unequal global power relations, imperialism, and neo-colonialism. Doğru seçenek E seçeneğidir.

While some scholars may contend that China’s emergence is an inherent threat, others acknowledge it as a chance for the West, particularly for economic grounds. The former; thus, view the rise of China and its allies more as a menace to the USA and Western hegemony, while the latter, to a significant extent, do not. Yet, others remain convinced that China and the BRICS are rapidly rising and appreciate that their rise is a disruption to the US hegemony. The former perspective in IR theory relates to the realism school of thought while the latter reflects a liberal internationalism opinion. Realists and liberal internationalists significantly differ on the specific policies and on other extensive theoretical points. For instance, the 2003 Iraqi war revealed pro-war liberal internationalists and anti-war realists. Doğru seçenek A seçeneğidir.

There are a variety of approaches and theories that question US hegemony in the literature such as critical theory, world system theory (WST), dependency theory, post-colonial theory.  Doğru seçenek B seçeneğidir.

Modernization theory is significant in this discussion in that it encourages developing nations to embrace activities of the West as a foundation for their advancement.. Bu nedenle doğru seçenek A seçeneğidir.