KÜRESEL GÜNEY VE YÜKSELEN GÜÇLER - Deneme Sınavı - 8

There is also evidence of emerging power’s interchangeable use with phrases such as “middle power,” “emerging market,” and “regional power.”

The term Global South was used to define geographical regions with less clear boundaries and characterized by capitalism. The Global South, therefore, represents people who are subjected to the control of the border of otherwise richer countries. Its usage is dependent on the traditional analysis of the North’s geographic boundaries that varied from that of the South. Subsequently, over time and due to immigration, Northern people were in the Southern territories and Southerners in the Northern territories. The term global herein is used to refer to the South from an indirect geographical perspective. Instead, the term Global South emerged as a reference to the region beyond the geographic locations, and otherwise biased perspective of the developmentalism school of thought. To create a distinction in their definitions, “Global” was included to “South” to identify the term as one that does not merely refer to geographical classifications but as a notation to the existing unequal global power relations, imperialism, and neo-colonialism.

Moravcsik contends that the theory of liberal international views globalization from the bottom-top approach.

On the other hand, some researchers demonstrate that this development reflects the rise of what has variously been described as the Beijing Consensus, the China model or state capitalism all of which challenge the US-centred, neoliberal Washington Consensus.

Liberals perceive the efforts by the Obama administration through the Asia Pivot Policy since 2012 to date is also seen to have significantly contributed to the amalgamation of China into the liberal international order, which further prevents the likelihood of the same from interfering or challenging the current hegemony.

A significant shortcoming with the approaches is their proposition that the developing nations would remain underdeveloped as long as they are dependent or integral in the international system which involved the developed nations. This assumption was challenged after 1970 when some developing nations started experiencing significant and exponential growth and industrialization. Among such countries include South Korea and Taiwan.

This will further ensure that developing countries, in a way, address the disparity in the balance of trade. The primary advancement strategy adopted in the colonized third world nations was the policy of import substitution industrialization (ISI) that was implemented from the early 1950s to the mid-1980s.

The recent rise of BRICS and the earlier rise of newly industrializing countries (NICs) in East Asia meant that the periphery approach was challenged. Further, this led to a shift in emphasis on comprehending the rise in Africa and the fall of the US by the WST analysis.

In the 1900s, few would have foreseen a country as Brazil receiving recognition as a major player in the international high table. Similarly, no one would have anticipated the decline of the USA and Russia’s strain in sustaining its voice in the global order. While one may have predicted the rise of India and China due to their vast population and large size if they could solve their primary challenges, but only a few could have anticipated Japan’s plunge in the last two decades. The 1990 era of two superpowers was in several aspects simpler and easier to comprehend

While China presents itself as a probable contender for the role of a superpower, it currently reveals no inclination to this significant position. The 21st century is indicative of the rise of a post-superpower era perhaps due to the existence of multiple great powers experiencing a plethora of transnational difficulties than ever witnessed.

The British rule in India started with the English East India Company. The East India Company was chartered in 1600 to  trade in the Indian Ocean region. The company engaged only in trade in the first 100 years but after the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, the company started to take control of territory and then gradually increased the reach of its control to almost all of the Indian subcontinent.

To force the British to leave India, Gandhi started a mass civil disobedience movement in 1942.

The state governor is appointed by the president of India and is expected to work in close cooperation with the central government.

BJP and Modi’s policy is based not only on Hindu nationalism but also on economic nationalism.

The most important language is Hindi. Hindi is the official language of the government. It is spoken by upwards of 400 million people in one form or another

Outside this caste hierarchy there are the Scheduled Castes (SCs) or ‘Dalits’. Those were formerly termed ‘untouchable’ and tended to be confined to work that other castes considered demeaning.

Under the Modi administration, protectionist and nativist economic policies are on the rise. Popular economic slogans such as ‘Buy India’, ‘India First’, ‘Brand India’, and ‘Make in India’ indicate this change.

There are important economic challenges, including: inefficient power generation and distribution system, inconsistent supply of water and electricity, rigid labor laws, ineffective enforcement of intellectual property rights, pervasive informality, inadequate infrastructure, poor public services, limited nonagricultural employment opportunities, poorly targeted subsidies, substandard education system, housing shortages, air pollution sanitation and public health.

India strongly supported decolonization in Africa and Asia and took an active part in peacekeeping missions of the UN.

Trade produces mutual benefits as well as tension. In 2019, the United States has become India’s largest trading partner and India has become the United States’ ninth-largest trading partner.