KÜRESEL GÜNEY VE YÜKSELEN GÜÇLER - Deneme Sınavı - 7

The outbreak of the republican revolution in 1911 (also known as Xinhai Revolution) is a major turning point in China’s history. On this occasion, China’s last emperor Pu-Yi was abdicated, and the republic was proclaimed on January 1, 1912. Sun Yat-Sen has become the first president of the Republic of China. This marked the end of the 268-year rule of the Qing dynasty along with the monarchic regime in China.

The correct answer is B.

Xiaoping initiated a reform program based on opening China’s economy, which gave way to today’s economic giant China. That’s the reason why Deng is known as the “Architect of Modern China”. 1) He initiated what he called “four modernizations”, i.e. economy, agriculture, science and national defense. 2) When he came to power, China’s population had already exceeded one billion people, and migration accelerated from rural areas to more industrialized centers. Deng introduced China’s strict birth planning program, known as “one-child policy”, because he believed controlling the size of the population was key to sustain the country’s economic development. 3) The Tiananmen Square events in June 1989 showed that the CPC leadership had no intention whatsoever to allow democratization in the country, as they used lethal force to disperse thousands of university students gathered in Beijing’s biggest square to ask for freedom of speech. 4) Alongside his economic success, Deng Xiaoping is also the architect of today’s Chinese political system, as he pushed for a new constitution in 1982.

The retrocession of Hong Kong, formerly a British colony, to the People’s Republic of China happened during the presidency of Jiang Zemin in 1997.

The correct answer is E.

The NPC holds an annual session in spring, lasting between 10 to 14 days, the main objective being officially to review what the government has accomplished during the last year, and what it is planning to do in the year ahead.

The correct answer is A.

Hong Kong and Macau are the two Special Administrative Regions (SAR) in China. These SARs enjoy, according to their Basic Laws and the international treaties concluded between China and the UK or Portugal, wide autonomies; and theoretically, they are self-governing bodies. They also use their own currency, The Hong Kong Dollar for Hong Kong and The Pataka for Macau. Each SAR has a chief executive, a regional government, and an elected parliamentary body. However, the SARs are not totally independent as they rely on Beijing for their foreign relations and defense.

The correct answer is D.

Standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin, is the official language of the country. It serves as the common language for all Chinese, and used in education and the press. It is also the tool of communication between diverse regions of the country which are marked by important dialectal differences.

The correct answer is C.

Beijing created a “Patriotic Church” for the country’s Catholics. However, the PRC does not allow them to have any formal relationship with the Pope.

The correct answer is D.

Ecological issues: One of the major deleterious consequences of China’s rapid economic growth is the impact on global warming. Fossil fuels are still widely used in China’s industry. As a result, China is the biggest polluter in the world. Recently, China decided to change its stance on environmental issues, and thus became one of the most eager participants of COP21 Paris Climate Agreement (2015), announcing its ambition to reach zero-net CO2 emissions by 2050.

Aging population: China’s aging population is a major threat for its future economic development.

Growing national debt: China’s corporate debt is higher than any other country, which is a serious fragility.

Impact of the pandemic: The Chinese economy had a sharp decline during the first three months of 2020 due to lockdowns imposed by local authorities to slow down the spread of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.

The correct answer is B.

Almost all of China’s export goods are manufacturers (%95) and its main export partners are the United States (%20), the European Union (%17), the ASEAN countries (%13), Japan (%6), South Korea, India and Russia.

The correct answer is E.

Despite good economic relations, there are some tensions in political relations, because of the EU’s criticism on China’s human rights record, especially with regard to Hong Kong and Xinjiang. For example, an embargo on arms sales was imposed on China in 1989 after the Tiananmen Square events.

The correct answer is B.

Atatürk ordered in 1935 the inauguration of a department of sinology, first of its kind in Turkey, in Ankara University, in order to contribute to the studies on the history of ancient Turks, as most documents about them are written in Chinese.

The correct answer is C.

The information provided in options A, B, C and D is correct. 

Turkey's participation in this war was generally approved by the Turkish people, as the press extensively relayed the heroic exploits of the Turkish brigade. The decision was also supported by the opposition parties. Turkey’s participation in this war was criticized in the country only by small leftist circles.

The correct answer is E.

Turkish and Chinese ambassadors stationed in Paris came together to sign a joint declaration on August 4, 1971, through which Turkey officially recognized the People’s Republic of China. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were thus established, automatically resulting in the severing of relations between Ankara and Taipei.

The correct answer is B.

China is mostly interested in Turkey’s mineral resources: marble, travertine, chromium, copper, iron and boric acid.

The correct answer is D.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a huge infrastructure project with economic, financial, cultural, and geopolitical dimensions, in order to better connect the rest of the world, and in particular the Western Europe, to China. Beijing is devoting colossal resources to carry out this project, since it is also a prestige issue for President Xi Jinping, both at home and in the world.

The correct answer is B.

Chinese and Russian officials have declared many times that Turkey’s full membership to the organization would be possible only if Turkey exits from NATO, since membership in both organizations would be incompatible, according to them.

The correct answer is E.

The Department of Sinology of Ankara University was established as early as 1935. However, studies on China and on Chinese language are quite limited in Turkey. Nowadays, only two Turkish public universities, Erciyes (Kayseri) and Istanbul Universities offer undergraduate Chinese language and literature programs.

The correct answer is A.

It was in 1952, in other words during the Korean War, that Turkey first granted refugee status to two thousand Uyghurs from China. They had left their country to flee the new communist regime and were receiving assistance from the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR).

The correct answer is B.

Uyghurs are a Turkic-speaking Muslim minority native to Xinjiang region, in Western China. Turkey defends the rights of this population. However, as Turkey recognized the People’s Republic of China, Turkish authorities underlined their respect for China’s territorial integrity, but demand wider autonomies for the Xinjiang region. Ankara has reiterated on every occasion that it respects China’s territorial integrity. Thus, it cannot be concluded that Turkey asks for the independence of the Xinjiang region.

The correct answer is A.

Studying the Sino-Turkish relations provides an additional perspective to understand the evolution of the balances of power in the international system. While the world’s geopolitical center of gravity keeps moving towards Asia to the detriment of North America and Europe, especially on the economic level, it is not surprising that Turkey is trying, like many other countries, to strengthen its relationship with the East Asian giant.

The correct answer is D.