KÜRESEL GÜNEY VE YÜKSELEN GÜÇLER - Deneme Sınavı - 4

1990s

Confucius Institutes

Mao did not hesitate to use military power against ethnic minorities as well, for example by sending troops to Tibet. Tibetans, a people with a strong political identity and conscience about their distinct culture, rose in rebellion in 1959, to which the CPC responded with tremendous violence.

The first Five-Year-Plan, explicitly modeled on Soviet experience, was adopted in 1953, marking the beginning of China’s industrialization.

Many peasants, unhappy with their situation in the state-owned agricultural cooperatives moved to the cities, and China’s urban population mushroomed. The CPC leadership soon noticed that the agricultural production was not enough to feed the cities.

Intellectuals engaged in severe political criticism, which soon proved embarrassing to the communist leadership. Mao Zedong decided to put an end to the free speech experience, ordering a repressive campaign against all forms of opposition.

The Great Leap Forward is the name of the social and economic program put in place by Mao in 1958. Mao’s aim was to quickly transmute China’s economy from an agrarian one to an industrial one while boosting production.

The Great Leap policy devastated the country’s economy and provoked millions of deaths in the countryside, making the “Great Chinese Famine” (1959-1961) one of the deadliest in human history.

The Cultural Revolution started when Mao called on young people in May 1966 to rebel against authority figures in the party, in their schools and universities, and in factories as he claimed the bourgeois elements infiltrated into administrative
positions to prepare the return of the capitalist order in China.

The Cultural Revolution movement turned China upside down, massacres took place, traditional cultural heritage was damaged, religious sites were ransacked, education stopped, and the economy collapsed while millions of people were persecuted, purged, or exiled.

Alongside his economic success, Deng Xiaoping is also the architect of today’s Chinese political system, as he pushed for a new constitution in 1982.

Jiang’s one of the greatest political success is China’s accession
o the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001.

The main innovation of the 1982 constitution was to guarantee private ownership, which is in line with the market economy-based opening program initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978.

Buddhism, Taoism, Catholicism,
Protestantism and Islam

the United States

The gradual disintegration of the Mughal Empire and the political fragmentation opened the way for the step by step takeover of India by the British Empire

The British rule in India started with the English East India Company. The East India Company was chartered in 1600 to  trade in the Indian Ocean region. The company engaged only in trade in the first 100 years but after the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, the company started to take control of territory and then gradually increased the reach of its control to almost all of the Indian subcontinent.

English education

The railroads and telegraph network was also developed. British spent a lot on building a railway network in order to market the agricultural surplus and allow the rulers to quickly move troops in the case of a repeat of the 1857 revolt. The railroads and telegraph contributed enormously to the unity and stability of British India.

The Quit India movement turned out to be the biggest civilian unrest in India since the great rebellion of 1857. Consequently, the British accepted Indian independence.