KÜRESEL GÜNEY VE YÜKSELEN GÜÇLER - Deneme Sınavı - 3

There are 22 official languages and some 1,652 mother tongues in India.

According to Bose and Jalal (2018) the BJP and Modi increasingly took on anti-Muslim overtones. Relations with Pakistan became insecure.

The peculiarity of India is its plurality; its dozens of minority languages and religions, its multiplicity of castes and subcastes, all dispersed throughout hundreds of distinct regions. Social groupings are important for Indians. Indians consider themselves to be born in Communities, in particular places with languages, social and caste groupings, political and cultural attachments.

The poor results for health indicators is related to low levels of health expenditures. Health expenditures as percentage of GDP is only 3.8% in India which is even lower than the average for least developed countries.

Hinduism and Islam are the two main religions. According to the 2011 census the largest religion is Hinduism (80% of the population), followed by Islam (14%); and the others (Christianity (2.30%), Sikhism (1.72%), Buddhism (0.70%), Jainism (0.36%) and others (0.9%)).

With a population of more than 1.4 billion (one-sixth of the world’s population) India is the world’s most populous democracy and is the second biggest armed force in the world. Its participation in the multilateral order is strong. India is an important member of the UN, a member of the G-20 and is one of the nuclear powers of the world and is an established maritime player.

Its participation in the multilateral order is strong. India has also a number of soft power instruments: Indian movies (Bollywood), music, and spiritual teachings have a privileged position in global culture. As an example of soft power, in 2015, the United Nations declared June 21 as the international yoga day.

The changing world order is shaping two different paths for India in its effort for increased international political and military influence. India faces a defining period. Geopolitical shifts, increasing competition between the United States and China, create both opportunities and challenges. India has vested interests in preserving the existing multilateral order.

Furthermore, India faces pressing problems that might hamper its aspirations: such as environmental degradation, extensive poverty, widespread corruption, insufficient health and sanitation, inefficient governmental bureaucracy, poor public infrastructure, substandard education and social cleavages. As India moves closer to achieving great-power status, these problems will pose greater trouble and urgency. India has to cope with these problems in its forward leaning stance on the multilateral order.

Before 1947, India really referred not to the Indian national state of today but a greater region extending from Afghanistan to Bangladesh. The recorded history of India begins with the Indus Valley Civilization. Aryan tribes invaded the Indian subcontinent from the northwest about 1500 B.C. In the next five centuries, they gradually expanded eastwards. As the Aryan tribes began to settle down, a process of conflict, co-operation and assimilation between the Aryans and non-Aryans took place.

The British rule in India started with the English East India Company. The East India Company was chartered in 1600 to  trade in the Indian Ocean region. The company engaged only in trade in the first 100 years but after the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, the company started to take control of territory and then gradually increased the reach of its control to almost all of the Indian subcontinent.

The company exploited Indian resources. By the eighteenth century, the Indian cotton textile industry was the global leader in terms of quality, production, and exports. India with China was producing the world’s highest-quality silk and porcelain. However, the situation was reversed in the nineteenth century. Protectionist policies by Britain kept Indian textiles out of the British market and India became an exporter of raw cotton but not the finished products. India now has been importing more than 70% of its textile consumption from Britain. The result was that millions of spinners and weavers were driven into poverty.

Indian exports of agricultural products, such as cotton, jute, tea, coffee, wheat and oil seeds made Britain industrialists richer but made Indian peasants poorer. Millions of Indians died as a result of famines and cruel British administration.

British rule established a sophisticated bureaucracy which replaced the corrupt and inefficient administration of the old East India Company. However, that sophisticated bureaucracy excluded the people of India. The upper echelons of the administration were exclusively occupied by the British. Indians were positioned at the lower levels of the bureaucracy. English speaking Indians acted as intermediaries between the British rulers and the Indian subjects. To create a class of persons Indian blood but English in taste and opinions, the British created a system of English education in the early 19th century.

After the First World War, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948) became the undisputed leader of the Congress. Gandhi introduced a non-violent method of non-cooperation and civil disobedience. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a great success and created trouble for the British authorities. It also led to a new awakening in the Indian Independence struggle, leading the first mass movement to rock British power since the Mutiny, and remaking Congress as a popular political force. After the upheaval of 1919–1921, Gandhi launched campaigns, first in 1930–31 and then in 1942–43. The campaign got massive support from millions of Indians. The size of each campaign got bigger than the last. They have challenged the British authority as well as transformed Indian politics. The British responded with political engineering to divide and defeat the nationalist movement. The nationalist movement has changed its demands from representative government to self-rule and complete independence.

“Great Game” is the geostrategic and diplomatic confrontation during the 19th century between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire in Central and South Asia.

Mao Zedong proclaimed the People’s Republic of China (1949), making it clear that his country was from now on a member of the communist world.

Turkish and Chinese ambassadors stationed in Paris came together to sign a joint declaration on August 4, 1971, through which Turkey officially recognized the People’s Republic of China

In 1982, Kenan Evren became the first Turkish president to set foot in China with the intent to promote trade relations.

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) project, a.k.a Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), or the New Silk Roads was announced by China’s president Xi Jinping in 2013.