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A process has five main features (Özay 2003, p. 19): 1. Definability: Determination of the main elements/ activities. 2. Measurability: It is the feature of the process to be monitored with performance criteria. 3. Repeatability: It is the ability of the output that is formed as a result of processing the inputs that activate the process to meet the customer needs and requirements continuously. 4. Controllability: It is the ability of the process managers who are always aware of the performance of the process and can take corrective actions when necessary. 5. Value added capability: It is an ability to have a positive effect on the quality of the output of the process and the satisfaction of the customer

The benefits of management with processes:

• The processes, sub-processes and activities are defined as process map, procedures, and instructions. Therefore, every employee can work at the same format in an organization.

• Process performance indicators are defined, measured and reviewed periodically. The problems or barriers can be seen clearly. By eliminating these problems or barriers, the process can be improved according to its performance criteria.

• The relationships and interactions of the process are defined. By this way, the activities can be planned more accurately.

In order to eliminate non value added activities you need to improve operator training.

Process cycle efficiency= Value added time / Process cycle time =4/8 =%50

The seven major quality tools for detecting and reducing the variability of process are: 1. Histogram 2. Check sheet 3. Pareto chart 4. Cause-and-effect diagram 5. Box plot 6. Scatter diagram 7. Control chart

Histogram is the graphical presentation of distribution of data. It is drawn by dividing the largest and smallest values evenly and determining the number of data per interval.It is easy to show and interpret minimum and maximum value of data and the distribution of data.

Cause and Effect Diagram is a diagram, also known as the Fishbone, used to investigate the potential and root causes of a particular problem or error. Possible causes can be determined by brainstorming with the quality improvement team.

A well-performed experiment may provide answers to questions such as : • What are the key factors in a process? • At what settings would the process deliver acceptable performance? • What are the key, main, and interaction effects in the process? • What settings would bring about less variation in the output?

The practical benefits of implementing SPC are:

Elements of a Successful SPC Program: 1. Management leadership 2. A team approach, focusing on project-oriented applications 3. Education of employees at all levels 4. Emphasis on reducing variability 5. Measuring success in quantitative (economic) terms 6. A mechanism for communicating successful results throughout the organization

The origin of statistical process control (SPC) dates back to 1931 and Dr. Walter Shewhart’s book The Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product. It can be applied not only in manufacturing but also in any process carried out in the workplace. SPC is a statistical method of separating variations resulting from special causes, e. g. environmental and the Five M’s, from variations resulting from natural causes in order to eliminate the special causes. The rationale for SPC is similar that of total quality in that it is based on the control of variations, continual improvement, predictability of processes, elimination of waste, and product inspection (Goetsch and Davis, 2016, pp. 298-299).

The Five M’s that affect a process are: manpower, machine, material, method, and measurements.

A process has five main features (Özay 2003, p. 19): 1. Definability: Determination of the main elements/ activities. 2. Measurability: It is the feature of the process to be monitored with performance criteria. 3. Repeatability: It is the ability of the output that is formed as a result of processing the inputs that activate the process to meet the customer needs and requirements continuously. 4. Controllability: It is the ability of the process managers who are always aware of the performance of the process and can take corrective actions when necessary. 5. Value added capability: It is an ability to have a positive effect on the quality of the output of the process and the satisfaction of the customer.

The seven major quality tools for detecting and reducing the variability of process are: 1. Histogram 2. Check sheet 3. Pareto chart 4. Cause-and-effect diagram 5. Box plot 6. Scatter diagram 7. Control chart

Histogram is the graphical presentation of distribution of data.

Advantages of experiments (Oehlert,2010): 1. Experiments allow us to set up a direct comparison between the treatments of interest. 2. We can design experiments to minimize any bias in the comparison. 3. We can design experiments so that the error in the comparison is small. 4. Most important, we are in control of experiments, and having that control allows us to make stronger inferences about the nature of differences that we see in the experiment. Specifically, we may make inferences about causation.

The practical benefits of implementing SPC are: • Catching the variability in a process and define the causes • Explaining the variation with statistical tools by using samples from the process • Using and understanding some statistical tools such as histogram, Pareto chart, cause and effect diagram, and Shewhart charts • Catching and analyzing the patterns on process with statistical tools and interfering with them.

The reasons for preferring individual charts are as follows: • Every unit can be measured by technologically; • Production rate is quite low since the number of production is low; • There is little variation in production; • The test method is destructive.

FMEA is a specific methodology to evaluate a system, design, process, or service for possible ways in which failures (problems, errors, risks, concerns) can occur (Stamatis, 2003). FMEA is the method that is used to determine the potential failures of product, process, service, and/or system. The main purpose of FMEA is to predict and prevent the known or potential problems based on the historical data of a similar product or process in the design stage. By definition, the FMEA becomes a systematic technique using engineering knowledge, reliability, and organizational development techniques; in other words, teams to optimize the system, design, process, product, and/or service.

The benefits of FMEA are given as follows (Stamatis, 2003): • Identifies and ranks the known or potential failures. Therefore, risks are determined and it is possible to eliminate the important risks of product, process, services, and systems; • Improves the quality, reliability, and safety of the products or service; • Improves the company’s image and competitiveness; • Helps increase customer satisfaction; • Reduces product development time and costs; • Helps select the optimal system design.