JEOPOLİTİK STRATEJİ - Deneme Sınavı - 10

The European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) was first introduced in 2003 “Wider Europe” communication by the European Commission and then launched in 2004 as a response to the eastward and southward enlargements of 2004 and 2007. “The Policy was set as a framework to govern the EU’s relations with 16 of the EU’s Eastern and Southern Neighbours in order to achieve the closest possible political association and the greatest possible degree of economic integration”

In the early 1990s, the Andean–Amazon region gained importance in the US’s strategic thinking, thanks to the emergent drug trafficking problem in these areas.

Partners in EU’s Neighborhood Policy: ten Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Syria and Tunisia) and six Eastern countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine).

With regard to oil, Mexico and Venezuela were of vital importance to US interests. In the 1990s, Mexico became the fourth oil supplier to the US, while Canada and Venezuela both replaced Saudi Arabia, as the largest oil supplier. This period also saw an enhanced focus on economic issues in inter-American relations. Mexico stood out as the US’s second-most important trade partner, surpassing Japan in 1997. By the mid-1990s, trade with Mexico comprised more than half of the trade with the Latin American region. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Washington modified the US’s strategic priorities in the region and adopted policies promoting the expansion of markets and democracy across the continent. The Bill Clinton (1993-2001) administration initiated two schemes that aimed to create a single-hemispheric economic and security agenda under the aegis of US leadership: the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) in December 1994 and the Cooperation for Hemispheric Security in July 1995. In terms of protecting democracy, Washington created various initiatives through the OAS (for instance, the Unit for the Promotion of Democracy). Therefore, the correct option is A.

China’s massive Belt and Road Initiative, which was launched in 2013 under the new Chinese President Xi Jinping, is a geopolitically motivated endeavor to expand its influence and clout westward, and this policy is expected to have a strong impact on the EU and its neighborhood. It aims to build new trade corridors reaching to Africa and Europe, crossing Central Asia and the Indian Ocean, thereby establishing a Belt and Road circle of friends.

The Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) was created through the signing of the Treaty of Asuncion in 1991 between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay to design a South American common market. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Over the last two decades, Brazil and Venezuela have increased their prominence as emergent regional powers, partly filling the vacuum created by the decline of US influence in the Western Hemisphere. Brazil’s regional leadership has especially attracted a great deal of attention in the scholarly debates. Although there is still uncertainty about the effects of Brazil’s regional hegemony, an analysis of Brazil’s increasing influence as a regional leader is essential for comprehending the new power dynamics in the Americas. Brazil is the eighth-largest economy in the world. It has managed to achieve high levels of industrialisation, modernise its agriculture and become a leading exporter of both agricultural and manufacturing goods. Therefore, the correct option is E.

The Andean Community is a trade bloc created by Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela in 1996. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The unilateral withdrawal of the US from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in May 2018, also called the Iranian nuclear deal, is not welcomed by the EU and its signatory members, who wish to remain committed to the deal.

Although the members of the Pacific Alliance, Chile, Colombia and Peru, maintained cordial relations with Brazil, they signed bilateral free trade agreements with Washington. As Briceño -Ruiz (2018) put it, the Pacific Alliance emerged during the post-hegemonic era in the region, but it did not pursue post-liberal regionalist strategies. Since its launch, the member countries formulated the Alliance in ideological opposition to the post-liberal regional integration models. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Reprimarisation refers to an increasing participation of agrarian and mining products in exports. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Turkey’s possession of the straits raises its importance form a regional to a global level. Despite the development of nuclear weapons, the Straits have enormous strategic importance, which gives Turkey the possibility to influence global developments