İŞLETME ETİĞİ

Brey (2012) suggests that ethical considerations should involve all three levels. At the technology level, more general or fundamental ethical issues can be analyzed while more specific and contingent issues are used at the artifact and application levels

Along with big data, advances in data analysis techniques used on those data have heightened ethical concerns. For example, organizations are able to maintain detailed information on individuals and to create profiles of individual behavior (Laudon and Laudon, 2020).

Technology development: Explosive growth in mobile computing and mobile devices Impact on ethics: Availability of location tracking applications without user knowledge or consent leads to a large-scale invasion of privacy.

A digital firm is an organization where its core business processes, its relationships with stakeholders and its key assets are managed digitally using ICT.

Commercial use of biotechnology by business firms in their research and development of products often raises ethical issues that need to be addressed.

Ethics of AI issues examine ethical principles, rules, guidelines, policies and regulations related to AI that may arise when designing and developing AI (such as data privacy and transparency issues); and ethical issues caused by AI (such as job loss).

Table 6.3 Ethical Issues in AI:

Potential loss of significant number of jobs that are replaced by AI systems.

Wealth created by machines would be allocated to those few who have ownership in AI-driven firms.

Machines can significantly affect human behavior and interaction.

AI applications cannot always be trusted to be fair and neutral.

AI systems can be used maliciously.

Machines do not understand the full context in which they were made which can lead to negative unintended consequences.

AI systems can be so complex as to not be completely understood by humans.

This re-identification or re-anonymization is in violation of information privacy.

Another tool for surveillance on the Internet is a web beacon (or web bug) which is a tracking program usually invisible to the user that records the user behavior such as the clickstreams when visiting the website.

There are several risks of having inadequate privacy policies/procedures such as damage to a firm’s reputation, brand, or business relationships including customer/employee distrust, lost business, disruption of operations and legal/ industry/regulatory sanctions.

Data analysis techniques such as data mining can be used on large pools of customer data to find patterns that can guide decision making in firms and predict future behavior.

The ethical issue concerning humanity relates to the fact that machines can significantly affect human behavior and interaction.

The purpose of data de-identification process is to remove any identifiable information from the dataset so that individuals remain anonymous

In Pike’s (2019) CRAFT framework for ethical decision making involving big data, each letter in the acronym stands for:

C: Choice; R: responsibility; A: Accountability; F: Fairness; T: Transparency

Over the last decades, Internet-based technologies such as e-commerce, social networking and more recently m-commerce, cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) have steadily infiltrated business operations and markets.

Ethical analysis dealing with cloud computing stems from its relevant characteristics such as the shift of control from users to cloud service providers, resources being located anywhere in the world, administration by different organizations, with interconnection of multiple services across the cloud (Timmerman et al., 2010). These characteristics bring about several ethical concerns such as security, privacy, ownership and control.

All true except (d). IoT allows organizations to monitor and track employees in offices and also in other locations. Employee surveillance (with or without their awareness) can compromise privacy, security and safety of employees.

In Turkey, the Law on the Protection of Personal Data No. 6698 was published in April 2016 by the Turkish Personal Data Protection Authority (KVKK) on processing and transferring of personal data and the rights of data subjects (http-18). It is in keeping with the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)  and the EU Data Protection Directive. For example, explicit consent must be given to data subjects in processing and storing personal data. The rights of data subjects include the right to apply (have access to) and the right to complain (to the Personal Data Protection Board).

The four major legal frameworks to protect intellectual property are copyright, patents, trademarks, and trade secrets.

Another type of computer abuse is the use of deepfakes. A deepfake uses AI and deep learning to manipulate or generate visual and audio content in which a person’s existing image or video is replaced with someone else’s likeness (http-30). There is a deep concern over the use of deepfake on the Internet as the technology enables the creation of realistic-looking photos or videos of people saying or doing things that did not happen in real life.