İŞLETME ETİĞİ - Deneme Sınavı - 6

Ethics is a discipline that answers certain kinds of questions such as what is right, what is good, and what is a good life. Therefore, the right answer is A.

Ethical problems cause people to make choices between various dilemmas. At this point, people’s conscience and capacity to make choices have vital importance. As such the answer is B.

“Profit” is a common point. According to the traditional management approach, most of
the businesses focus on their activities to make profit and mostly maximize it. Therefore, the right answer is C.

Defining “business ethics” is a challenging task. Based on the perspective of this book, it’s possible to consider the subject in a normative or descriptive way. While normative perspective concerns rules and principles that are expected to shape behaviors, descriptive perspective concerns the way how things are done instead of how it should be. Therefore, the right answer is D.

Behaviors of employees are a sort of reflection for the business atmosphere that explains how the business is perceived. Also, personal morality has vital effects on the decision-making process of employees and managers as well. As such, the right answer is E.

Principle is a general statement and a sort of obligation that identifies correct behaviors set by an individual or group. In this sense the meanings of principles and norms are very close and sometimes they could be used synonymously. The right answer is A.

Individual level deals with ethical problems and dilemmas encountered in daily life. Even though ethical problems at this level are not directly related to business life, they could also have effects on business life. Therefore, the right answer is B.

Ethics in the 1960s: It is a period where important social issues emerged after two major world wars in the recent past. It is seen that developments such as social unrest and anti-war sensitivity dominated the ethical climate of this period. As a result of these issues, the development of ethical codes in businesses, and the first steps of the social responsibility movement were carried out. Therefore, the right answer is B.

Ethics in the 2010s: Income inequality, demands for more transparent management, privacy breach concerns, and various internet-based topics could be counted as the main issues of the period. However, there is a more comfortable atmosphere for ethical issues than ever before. The right answer is E.

Essentially, in utilitarianism, there is a “good” that actions should aim for. In this sense, it has a consequential view. Utilitarianism is an approach that puts the benefit to the center of all human behaviors and defends that the basic element that motivates people for an activity is the benefit. Therefore, the right answer is A.

As the organization grows, the distance between the operation and the principal’s position will enlarge, thus putting them in an even more disadvantaged situation. This situation is called the principal agent problem.

According to Jones (2013) the top management hierarchy from the most to least is as follows: Shareholders, chair of the board, Chief executive officer, general manager and Functional managers.

According to Jones the reasons behind the interaction of corporation and stakeholder groups are the inducement and the contributions. Inducements are rewards such as money, power, and organizational status. Contributions can be in the form of skills, knowledge, and expertise that organizations require of their members during task performance. With respect to this classification, workforce provides skills and expertise and expects wages, bonuses, stable employment, and promotion.

Inside stakeholders have the strongest or the most direct claim on organizational resources. Shareholders, managers, and the workforce are among the inside stakeholders. Customers, suppliers, government and community are the outside stakeholders.

Carroll (1979: 499-500) argues that ethical and philanthropic responsibilities, in other words, non-economic responsibilities, should also be considered in addition to economic and legal responsibilities.

In proactive stands, which means, as can be guessed from its name, businesses actively try to search for opportunities to contribute to society’s well-being. For instance, a business foundation formed to increase the literacy of girls in society will proactively and continuously look for opportunities for fulfilling its founding mission.

Corporate transparency is a measure that refers to the degree to which corporate decisions, policies, activities, and impacts are acknowledged and made visible to relevant stakeholders. The quality of corporate transparency depends on three factors, namely, disclosure, clarity, and accuracy.

Corporate accountability is a concept that refers to whether a corporation is answerable in some way for the consequences of its actions.

Businesses should continuously innovate, and serendipitously, they may come across better alternative solutions. A roadmap for becoming a sustainable business is as follows (Certo and Certo, 2014: 87-89): Determining focused sustainability goals, employing people who are wholeheartedly committed to sustainable development, employees who contributed to the sustainable development goals of the organization should be rewarded and the results should be closely monitored and shared with the stakeholders.

Energy productivity is one of the key performance indicators for Corporate Knights, a media, research, and financial information products company based in Toronto, Canada, ranks corporations based on their sustainability performance. The other choices are sustainable development goals.