INTRODUCTİON TO BUSİNESS

Organizational efficiency is about the amount of overall resources used for the achievement of an organizational goal.On the other hand; organizational effectiveness is the degree to the achievement of organizational goals. The correct answer is D.

Controlling is the monitoring function of the management process and is critical for the success of other management functions. The progress towards the organizational goals of any type is monitored, measured, assessed, and if necessary modified through the controlling function.The correct answer is E.

Control process involves establishing standarts and/or plans for the process/ es subject to controlling; measuring the outcome or performance; overseeing the match between the s and performance for the given process; and taking necessary actions. Controlling is the monitoring function of the management process. The correct answer is D.

The management structure in traditional terms involves three basic layers: Top/executive, middle, and first line/supervisory levels (Figure 3.3). At the base of the pyramid non-managerial or non-supervisory employees reside. These three management levels are interconnected although each management level has a different set of functions and requires different managerial qualifications. The correct answer is A.

CEO, COO, President, Vice-president, Rector, Board of directors are members of executive management. However, dean is a member of middle management. The correct answer is C.

Management skill is a combination of knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes for performing a task.Conceptual skills are related to seeing the organization as a whole to reach, coordinate, and integrate resources to attain established goals throughout the organization. Human skills also referred to as soft skills, are related to establishing constructive relationships with other members of a group. Technical skills involve job-specific knowledge, experience, and ability for performing the tasks at a proficient level. The correct answer is E.

Conceptual skill, are most critical for top/ executive managers. Such analytical ability provides top managers with a strong understanding of the internal and external environment of their organizations and reinforces the quality of strategic decision policies. The correct answer is D.

The monitoring role generates information about the environmental developments, opportunities, or risks. The disseminator role is about sharing updated information with relevant individuals, groups, or divisions. The spokesperson role requires managers to reachout to the external parties for providing information about the recent developments, changes, or policies regarding their operations.Informational roles aims a constant flow of information throughout the internal organization as well as transmitting information to and from the external environment.Decisional roles are related to the decision making behaviors of management teams The correct answer is B.

Middle managers are department heads, branch, or plant managers. Middle level management is responsible for overseeing the contribution to the organizational goals and strategies developed by the top management.

Monitoring roles channel information about the environmental developments, opportunities, or risks.

The disseminator role is about sharing updated information with relevant individuals, groups, or divisions.

The interpersonal roles of managers are about relationships with internal and external stakeholders such as employees, customers, relevant interest groups, or suppliers - even communities where a company has its headquarters or markets its goods or services.

Decisional roles are related to the decision making behaviors of management teams.

Monitoring roles channel information about the environmental developments, opportunities, or risks. Accumulation of such information is vital to connection of the organization to the external environment.

Informational Roles: This group of roles directs a constant flow of information throughout the internal organization as well as transmitting information to and from the external environment.

The disseminator role is about sharing updated information with relevant individuals, groups, or divisions.

The spokesperson role requires managers to reachout to the external parties for providing information about the recent developments, changes, or policies regarding their operations.

Beside similarities between the management and leadership roles, there are also distinguishing characteristics. Few are:
• Management is based on position; leadership is about personal qualifications.
• Management is attaining goals through others; leadership is pursuing goals with others.
• Management authority is based on legal authority; leadership power comes from followers.
• Management produces order and consistency; leadership produces change and movement

The traits approach was one of the first attempts to study leadership and referred more to innate characteristics of “great people”. Specific traits and characteristics can distinguish a leader from a manager’s profile. The relevant studies show that the emphasis on distinctive and critical leadership traits changes by periods. Traits of earlier periods such as initiative and sociability have expanded into traits such as selfmonitoring and problem solving.

The contingency approach emphasizes that leadership style and best managerial approach change according to environmental factors. Different contingency theories examine the match between the leadership approach and the
environmental composition.

Flow of communication between positions and tasks at the same hierarchical level is referred to as horizontal communication. Managers and non-managerial employees at all levels are in need to contact each other for organizational and personal achievement.

Fiedler’s model seeks for the appropriate combination between the leadership style and environmental circumstances with an aim to determine the most efficient leadership outcome.

Situational theory. This approach also emphasizes that the leadership style is contingent. The premise of the situational theory: Leadership is shaped by the demands of situations where employees are the situational variables.

The premise of the situational theory: Leadership is shaped by the demands of situations where employees are the situational variables.

Situational theory was originated by Hershey and Blanchard.

This theory refers to two primary leadership styles which are directive and supportive.

Organizational effectiveness is the degree to the achievement of organizational goals based on the statements and expectations. Organizational efficiency on the other hand is about the amount of overall resources used for the achievement of an organizational goal. The correct answer is E.

Management is a process through which required resources are utilized by a sequence of functions starting with planning, followed by organizing, leading, and controlling for attaining organizational goals. Although each of the functions takes part and contributes to the management process from a different perspective, they are interconnected and complement each other. The correct answer is D.

Leading, also referred to as directing, is more dynamic than planning and organizing functions. Leading, in other words the leadership process, is about guiding the organization and/ or the group towards the goals. Leading involves more complex activities than what managers do. The correct answer is C.

Downward communication is the channel from top managerial levels to the rest of the organization. Downward communication covers a content such as the transmission of the rationale of organizational goals, directives, overall strategies, values, principles, performance assessment results, developments in the external environment, and changes. The correct answer is C.