INTRODUCTİON TO BUSİNESS

Organizational efficiency on the other hand is about the amount of overall resources used for the achievement of an organizational goal. The correct answer is B.

Organizational effectiveness is the degree to the achievement of organizational goals based on the statements and expectations. The correct answer is B.

Planning is identifying goals and deciding which tasks that will be performed and the resources that will be utilized for attaining these goals. The correct answer is C.

Organizing is determining tasks relevant to goals; grouping tasks by departments; assigning the work force for specific tasks; deciding the authority relationships, and preparing the work environment which includes allocating equipment, technology, and personnel. The correct answer is C.

Leading, also referred to as directing, is more dynamic than planning and organizing functions. Leading, in other words the leadership process, is about guiding the organization and/ or the group towards the goals. Leading involves more complex activities than what managers do.5 A manager is the person who does the managing job; a leader guides and motivates employees or groups for attaining goals. The correct answer is D.

Technical skills involve job-specific knowledge, experience, and ability for performing the tasks at a proficient level. Technical skills are directly related to the use of technology, machinery, techniques, methodology, or tests for performing a specific task with high performance. The correct answer is D.

Human skills, also referred to as soft skills, are related to establishing constructive relationships with other members of a group. Possession of such skills enables managers to effectively motivate, communicate, coordinate, and lead. The correct answer is E.

Conceptual skill, are most critical for top/ executive managers. Such analytical ability provides top managers with a strong understanding of the internal and external environment of their organizations and reinforces the quality of strategic decision policies. The correct answer is E.

Technical skills are directly related to the task itself and must be possessed by the first-line managers whose task is to see jobs to completion. First-line or supervisory-level managers need not only the technical knowledge relevant to the tasks they are supervising but also must be able to monitor the performance and quality of the employees’ jobs. The expert and efficient use of technology, marketing research, HR training, or the creation of software are just some examples of technical skills that first-line managers of related departments are expected to possess. The correct answer is A.

The contingency approach emphasizes that leadership style and best managerial approach change according to environmental factors. Different contingency theories examine the match between the leadership approach and the environmental composition.24 Each of the theories attempts to answer “if-then” contingencies. Fiedler’s contingency model and situational theory are amongst the models that discuss the fit between the environment and leadership style. The correct answer is A.

Management is a process through which required resources are utilized by a sequence of functions starting with planning, followed by organizing, leading, and controlling for attaining organizational goals. The process defined in the question refers to planning as the marketing manager has set a goal and identified the alternative steps to be taken to achieve this goal.

The correct answer is A.

An organizational culture is shared values, beliefs, and attitudes that provides its members with a common understanding of the organizational norms and their roles. Thus, a company nurtures talent, encourages employees to think, and gives everyone a remarkable feeling of support has a strong organizational culture.

The correct answer is D.

Soft skills, also known as human or interpersonal skills, are related to establishing constructive relationships with other members of a group. Possession of such skills enables managers to effectively motivate, communicate, coordinate, and lead. Thus, the question puts an emphasis on the manager's soft or human skills.

The correct answer is C.

Conceptual skills are related to seeing the organization as a whole to reach, coordinate, and integrate resources to attain established goals throughout the organization. These goal-oriented skills are especially critical for monitoring as well as analyzing the organizational environment and developing aligned strategies which directly impact the activities of various divisions or functions of an organization. Strategic thinking, analytical thinking and problem solving are included in conceptual skills.

The correct answer is A.

Roles of negotiator and disturbance handler are fulfilled as part of decision making, which is at the heart of management. When an organization or team is faced with an unexpected problem, it's the manager who must take charge and settle the problem. 

The correct answer is B.

The first four statements about leadership are true. However, leaders should not always focus on the bad and mistakes of their team members. If they focus only on the mistakes of the people around you, they will begin to feel as though everything they do is wrong. This is not a practice that works in professional life. For people, hearing what they do well is just as important as hearing what they do poorly. 

The correct answer is E.

The Managerial Grid intersects two basic leadership behaviors, concern for people and concern for production. It places the leader in one of the five styles. The Managerial Grid composes five managerial or leadership styles through the combination of these two dimensions: Impoverished management – low in both dimensions; Country Club management – high in concern for people and low in concern for production; Team management – high in both concerns; Authority compliance – high in concern for production and low in concern for people; and Middle of the Road management – intermediate in both dimensions.

The leadership style defined here is country club management. The leader upholds the needs and desires of her employees, attributing productivity a secondary position.

The correct answer is B.

Personal networking a type of informal communication refers to establishing relationships in and outside the organization either directly related to formal tasks or only about being a part of social incidents. Personal communication networks include relations with all stakeholders. These networks help managers and employees to get complementary information about the organizational environment as well as employees’ opinions and approach to work.

The correct answer is D.

Non-verbal communication is a form of interpersonal communication, intentionally or not, conveyed by body movements, facial expressions, and gestures, explicit, or tenuous. Body language is the most pervasive type of non-verbal language, including natural and artificial scents, usually used as semaphores to emphasize or hide meaning orally communicated.

The multinational work place reveals the importance of cultural differences regarding the use of body language as much as verbal communication. Eye contact, personal space, physical contact, or greeting style differ by cultures. It is critical at incidents such as negotiations to be knowledgeable about other cultures’ body and facial gestures.

The correct answer is C.

Management Levels
The management structure in traditional terms involves three basic layers: Top/executive, middle, and first line/supervisory levels. At the base of the pyramid non-managerial or non-supervisory employees reside. These three management levels are interconnected although each management level has a
different set of functions and requires different managerial qualifications.