İNSAN HAKLARI

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which was the other main organ beside the General Assembly, entrusted with the promotion of human rights lost most of its relevance when the Commission on Human Rights was abolished in 2006 and a new sub-organ, Human Rights Council was established under the General Assembly. Therefore, the correct option is D.

General Assembly approved the ECOSOC’s proposal for the Commission on Human Rights to prepare an international bill of rights (GA Res. 43(I), Dec. 11,1946). Universal Declaration was adopted two years later, at 10 December 1948 by the General Assembly with 48 votes and 8 abstentions. The abstaining states were Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Ukrainian SSR, Yugoslavia, and USSR. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Since General Assembly cannot take binding decisions for the member states, but only recommendations according the Article 10 of the Charter, Declaration is not a binding document. Some of its provisions, for example the reference to a right to asylum, could hardly be said to represent legal rules. On the other hand, some of it constitutes general principles of law. Its greatest significance is that it provides an authoritative guide to the interpretation of the relevant Charter provisions (Brownlie, 1993, 570). Moreover, it propounds the principles upon which binding conventions were based and rights which were going to be provided with binding power. In addition, many rights it presented have become customary international law and binding on all states. It is such an important document that the date it was accepted by the General Assembly is still celebrated as the Human Rights Day all over the world. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Rights covered by the Declaration are mostly of the first generation, namely civil and political rights. Besides them, it covers some second generation economic, social and cultural rights like right to leisure, right to a standard of living, right to education, etc. It was right to own property, which has caused extensive debates and abstention of the Soviet Union and its allies. Therefore, the correct option is A.

These two covenants remain the most comprehensive conventions adopted yet. Both begin with a common article that sets forth the right of self-determination for all peoples. It also includes the right to dispose of their natural resources freely. This common article was the center of a most heated argument. Many Western states also belonging to rich North debated whether the Covenants were a proper place for this right, since individuals use the human rights per se, on the other hand, the right of self-determination is a groups’ right. Nevertheless, majority of the member states were the newly-independent states from colonialism and they argued that if there is no self-determination there would not be human rights as well, since individuals would be deprived of the most basic human need and right. Latter states’ argumentation won this debate and the right of self-determination has taken its place in both covenants. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Rights included in the ICESPR, inter alia: the right to work and to have the opportunity to choose work freely; the right to just and favorable conditions of work including equal pay for equal work, safe working conditions, and equality of opportunity; the right to form and join trade unions; the right to receive social security; the right to an adequate standard of living; the right to education; and the right to participate in cultural life. Therefore, the correct option is D.

Rights included in the ICCPR, inter alia: the right to life and to protection against the arbitrary deprivation of life; freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment; freedom from slavery; the right to liberty and security of person; the prohibition against arbitrary arrest or detention the right to a fair and public trial; the right of detainees to be treated with dignity; the prohibition against imprisonment for debt; freedom of movement and residence including the right to leave any country; protection for aliens lawfully within a state’s territory against arbitrary expulsion; the prohibition against retroactive punishment; the right to recognition as a person before the law and to equality before the law; freedom of thought, conscience, religion, opinion, expression, association, and peaceful assembly; the prohibition of discrimination; the right of minorities to enjoy their own culture. Therefore, the correct option is C.

Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the main organ which had principal responsibility for the work aimed promoting and protecting human rights. The Commission on Human Rights was established under the ECOSOC and member states were chosen by it. Although the Human Rights Council established under the General Assembly, the ECOSOC’s mandate working for the protection of human rights still continues. Therefore, the correct option is E.

UNHCHR was a post created in 1994 fulfilling a long-hoped expectation. General Assembly Resolution 48/141 mandated this position in 1993. The appointment is made by the General Assembly for a four-year term. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Before complaining under 1503 procedure, all local remedies must be exhausted and complaint must be made in a reasonable time after exhaustion. It also should not be under consideration in any other procedure in the UN system and should not use abusive or insulting language. Lastly, no complaint should be politically motivated or run counter to the principles of the United Nations. Therefore, the correct option is C.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which was the other main organ beside the General Assembly, entrusted with the promotion of human rights lost most of its relevance when the Commission on Human Rights was abolished in 2006 and a new sub-organ, Human Rights Council was established under the General Assembly.

The Declaration is such an important document that the date it was accepted by the General Assembly is still celebrated as the Human Rights Day all over the world. The correct answer is B.

In 1960, Leland Goodrich wrote that “For the time being and for the foreseeable future, the role of the United Nations in promoting respect for human rights will need to be a more limited one” (Goodrich, 1960, 259). Five years later, it is observed that since members took an obligation to advance human rights, they agreed that they might discuss violations and even appoint committees of investigation (Eichelberger, 1965, 83). The correct answer is C.

Two covenants were signed in 1966: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). The correct answer is D.

Universal Declaration and International Covenants together make the International Bill of Rights.

1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women specifies measures for the advancement and empowerment of women in private and public life, particularly in the areas of education, employment, health, marriage and family. It is often described as an international bill of rights for women. The correct answer is E.

1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination describes racial discrimination in its Article 1 as “any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on races, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social cultural or any other field of public life”. The correct answer is A.

There are 14 country offices with a mandate of human rights observation, protection, technical cooperation activities and public reporting. These countries are Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Colombia, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Republic of Korea, Mauritania, Mexico, State of Palestine, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. The correct answer is E.

The Human Rights Committee is a body of 18 independent experts. The correct answer is D.

2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities states that persons with disabilities include those who have longterm physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. The correct answer is C.