İNSAN HAKLARI

The rights contained in the Magna Carta were not human rights, but rather political settlement. Human rights belong to all human beings and therefore cannot be restricted to a select group of privileged men. From a contemporary perspective, the Magna Carta turns out to be a rather unfortunate example of a human rights declaration” (Clapham, 2007, 6). Thus, the correct answer is E.

At the same time, they invite us to think about some questions like “What is a human being? What does human nature mean? What is the meaning of human nature? Is there one human nature? Is it possible to separate human nature as primary and secondary one, the one that is owned naturally from birth and the one acquired by actions? Thus, the correct answer is A.

Even though this core of the idea of human rights has been generally preserved in the human rights discourse, the concept of human rights has meant different things to different people. “For some, invoking human rights is a heartfelt, morally justified demand to rectify all sorts of injustice; for others, it is no more than a slogan to be treated with suspicion, or even hostility. Lawyers sometimes consider that human rights represent almost a term of art, referring to the details of accepted national and international human rights law. Thus, the correct answer is C

As an idea of the human mind, “human rights express some necessities, related to each human being. These necessities appear as demands to recognize and observe the value of the human being, i.e. they appear as demands to protect individuals for the sole reason that they are human beings” (Kuçuradi, 2013a, 5). Kuçuradi answers the question why human beings need a special protection by pointing out the values of human being which is the result of having some properties and potentialities different from other livings or creatures. Kuçuradi’s concept of human rights is grounded. On the idea that the human being is a valuable or dignified being because of having hse potentialities in him/his nature. Thus, the correct answer is B.

Kuçuradi argues that the reason of these insecurity and oppressions we face almost everywhere around the world is the failure of national states in protecting human rights or basic rights. Thus, the correct answer is A.

Kant defines human being as a dual creature who belongs to both the world of phenomenon and noumenon. This kind of duality means that man is endowed with reason, meanwhile with desires. Thus, the correct answer is B.

“The term ‘nature’ effectively serves the purpose of its modern users, combining two complementary senses or dimensions: on the one hand, it refers to the world as it is given (rather than artificially contrived); on the other, it means the essential aspects or properties of human beings” (Heyd, 2003, 151). Thus, the correct answer is C

Katleb considers the human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species. He stipulates that when the truth of identity is at stake, existence is at stake; the matter is existential. Thus, the correct answer is D.

Conceptual universality is in effect just another way of saying that human rights are, by definition, equal and inalienable. “Conceptual universality, however, establishes only that if there are any such rights, they are held equally/universally by all. It does not show that there are any such rights. Conceptually universal human rights may be so few in number or specified at such a high level of abstraction that they are of little practical consequence. And conceptual universality says nothing about the central question in most contemporary discussions of universality, namely, whether the rights recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Human Rights Covenants are universal. Thus, the correct answer is B

The cultural relativist arguments are against the existence of any universal values and ethical norms, and they identify human rights as merely and inherently Western (Kao 2011: 11). The first serious charge to universal validity of human rights comes from the “cultural relativism” as a variant of ethical relativism. The cultural relativism denies the possibility of truth and validity of moral norms relativizing all moral judgements about social behavior to each culture’s prevailing belief about them (Kao, 2011, 11). Thus, the correct answer is E

J. Mendes didn't work about it

It should be 18 th

Spain Declaration is not one of them

Since “human rights” means different things in different historical and cultural contexts, and advocacy of such rights has frequently been challenged as subjective, it leads to search for a thoroughgoing objective criterion for human rights. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, some European philosophers focused on the idea of “human rights” or “rights of man” as a body of rights which should be based upon a concept of human being. They developed a corpus of human rights to be afforded to mankind, and human rights found its legal expressions in the different legal, national documents.The correct answer is therefore A.

Human rights are the rights of everyone who belongs to the human species. They are rights which all humans equally enjoy simply because they are human. They are believed to be shared by all human beings undue to their nationality, age, race, gender, language, occupation, religion, income, social standing or sexual orientation (Tepe, 2014, 60).The idea of human rights is justified by means of human dignity or the value of man. Every human person is regarded as a valuable or dignified person, because of having these potentialities in his/her nature. So, the idea of human rights can be justified by means of understanding human dignity or the value of man. The concept of human dignity indicates the ethical dimension of human rights. The correct answer is D.

The core idea of human dignity is that on earth, humanity is the greatest type of beings, and that every member deserves to be treated in a manner consonant with the high worth of the species. Katleb considers the human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species. The correct answer is B.

Katleb considers the human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species. He stipulates that when the truth of identity is at stake, existence is at stake; the matter is existential. The idea of human dignity insists on recognizing the proper identity of individual or species; recognizing what a person is in relation to all other persons and what the species is in relation to all other species. The correct answer is C.

The core idea of human dignity is that on earth, humanity is the greatest type of beings, and that every member deserves to be treated in a manner consonant with the high worth of the species. Katleb considers the human dignity as an existential value; value or worthiness is imputed to the identity of the person or the species. He stipulates that when the truth of identity is at stake, existence is at stake; the matter is existential. The idea of human dignity insists on recognizing the proper identity of individual or species; recognizing what a person is in relation to all other persons and what the species is in relation to all other species. But some others, as Kuçuradi, rest on a different conception of dignity based on a distinct account of human being and of value. Every human being is considered as a valuable or dignified because of having some potentialities in him/his nature. “By the term of ‘the value of the human being’ ” Kuçuradi indicates the special place of this being occupies among other living beings. What provides this special place to him/ her is the entirety of his characteristics, his potentialities which distinguishes him/her from other living beings. They are the activities special to human being and some products of these activities. The correct answer is E.

The concept of human rights suffers from indefiniteness. We encounter different concepts of human rights both in theoretical debates and in international documents of human rights. Many voices the same term, but mean different things, and that raises various problems in theory and practice of human rights. Therefore, the clarification of the concept of human rights has been one of the main theoretical issues for philosophers for a long time. To have a clear concept of human rights has been considered a key for responding the question which rights should be included in human rights and which are not. This challenge used to be called the problem of criterion for human rights. The correct answer is C.

Honour as individual feelings and pride is also a feeling which has to do with an individual’s relation with ourselves. However, human dignity is not a kind of feeling related with ourselves. “ ‘Honour’ denotes the esteem paid to the worth, or assumed worth, of an individual. This worth can consist of ethical specificities of a person- of his virtues, …; but it can also be considered to be consist of correspondence of an individual’s behaviour to the value judgement prevailing in a culture” (Kuçuradi, 2013e, 102). The correct answer is B.