İNSAN HAKLARI - Deneme Sınavı - 2

Four major revolutionary documents of the eighteenth century, i.e. Virginia Declaration of Human Rights (1776), US Declaration of Independence (1776), the US Bill of Rights (1791), and the French Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen (I789) have been addressed generally as milestones in the history of human rights and its cradle of modernity. Greek legal Philosopher and human rights lecturer Costas Douzinas has pointed out the evolution of the human rights through these documents:

The American Bills of Rights do not attempt merely to set forth certain principles for the state’s organization, but they seek above all to draw the boundary line between state and individual. According to them the individual is not the possessor of rights through the state, but by his own nature he has inalienable and indefeasible rights

Another significant expression of this document was the article: “He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.” (United States Declaration of Independence, 1776) This article also exemplifies the liberal influence on the theory of human rights. With these articles, on the 4th of July in 1776, the United States of America was declared as de facto. Even though this article might have been seen as a declaration of independence, United States Declaration of Independence was more than the establishment of a state. Since, with this declaration as well as the Virginia Declaration of Rights, deliberation on human rights moved to another stage which was absolutely unfamiliar with previous ones. As of this declaration, all human rights documents have started with the quote “born equally” which comprises the main idea of respecting and protecting human rights.

Despite the efforts of the League of Nations and several other human rights declarations, human rights violations were at every corner of the world. That forced the world community to go further and to establish a new international body named United Nations, and to prepare a new declaration of human rights. President Franklin Roosevelt talked about four freedoms in his message to Congress. These four essential human freedoms that must be secured worldwide were freedom of speech and expression, freedom of every person to worship God, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. These four freedoms constituted the very core of new human rights declaration, and human rights theory.

The twin Covenants put emphasis on the right of self-determination for any people or minority and tried to set a road map for on-going – and of course, future – assertions. Even though, selfdetermination right may be seen as a group right, it is considered as a substantial human rights. Although the bearer of rights was different from the Universal Declaration, fundamental rights as right to life and liberty, freedom from pain and poverty, the right to fair trial, freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman treatments have kept to constitute the core of the twin Covenants.

“In the Universal Declaration human rights appear as principles or demands concerning a special treatment of the individuals belonging to the human species. The 26 articles of this Declaration are attempts to word such principles and some of their implications in the existing conditions of world –viewed from a Western perspective in the middle of our century” (Kuçuradi, 1995, 5-6). Human rights in the Universal Declaration are conceived mainly as principles of action which articulates how human beings should treat others, so that they “can afford the possibility to develop their human potential, and consequently some of them carry out the human activities that constitute what we call ‘human dignity’”.

A is the correct answer

Deki means law in Ancient Greek. The answer is C.

The answer is B.

The answer is D.

The answer is C.

The answer is B.

The answer is A.

The answer is E.

The answer is B.

The answer is C.

After the French Revolution, the idea of human rights first emerged in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789.

With Cicero, the source of natural law had been God, and the idea of God thus emerged in the stage of history.

According to the Sophists nature is perfect, immutable and eternal, whereas according to Plato ideal beings are perfect, immutable and eternal.

According to Plato, justice is the fulfillment of the duties and obligations of each class in the society.