İNGİLİZ/AMERİKAN EDEBİYATI I

The text makes the readers to expect Emma to be sent and the tension to be resolved. Emma is sent back; however her departure serves only as an anticlimax where something which would appear to be difficult to solve in a plot is solved through something trivial. Her departure does not make Kugelmass make peace with himself and learn from his mistakes. Emma’s departure would be a too simple solution to Kugelmass’ conflict.

The story is overtly intertextual borrowing one of the central characters and the theme of dissatisfaction from another literary work.

One basic innovation that modernism brings in literature is fragmentation.

One technique that is frequently used for this purpose is stream of consciousness, which refers to “a flow of thoughts and images, which may not always appear to have a coherent structure or cohesion.

Modernism and postmodernism’s attitudes towards life are also quite different. Modernism is a movement that reaches its peak during the World War I. Having experienced the severe damage that the war had caused, the modernists developed a very pessimistic attitude towards life. Therefore, they saw little meaning in life and lamented the fragmentation. Post modernism on the other hand, does not have a pessimist attitude. Although the postmodernists also witnessed a severe war, that is World War II, they realized that people and art have no power to change it, and people have no control over the world. Therefore, instead of lamenting the outcomes of the new world order, they found refuge in playfulness, that is they believed that in order to survive in a chaotic world one has to play with that world. One of the basic techniques that the postmodernists used and still use to play is parody. Parody “imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work in order to make fun of those same features”.

The techniques for parody summarized by Sturtevant (2012) are:
• Reiteration
• Inversion
• Misdirection
• Literalization
• Extraneous inclusion
• Exaggeration

A professor notices that Emma is gone from the book and he comments that rereading classics gives the readers a new experience each time.

Persky’s entrance is significant in that it starts the rising action increasing suspense with his promise of introducing Kugelmass to a whole new world of romantic experience.

One thing that is significant in postmodernism is the disbelief in originality. According to postmodernism, there is nothing like original anymore.

Anachronism is defined as “a chronological misplacement of persons, events, objects or customs in regard to each other”.

He was not born in Germany. He was born in Brooklyn, New York. The correct answer is B.

Fragmentation, in its basic meaning, refers to a discontinuation in the narrative line in literature. In the previous literature, writers had a tendency to record events, feelings and the thoughts of characters in a linear fashion following a chronological order. However, modernists believed that life is not linear, instead it is non-linear; and if literature is a representation of life, the literary piece should be non-linear as well. There is no chronological order in the narration and the development of the characters. The correct answer is A.

One technique that signifies simulacrum is intertextuality. Abrams (1981) defines intertextuality as “a creative means used to: Signify the multiple ways in which any one literary text echoes, or is inescapably linked to other texts, whether by open or covert citations and allusions, or by the assimilation of the feature of an earlier text by a later text, or simply by participation in a common stock of literary codes and conventions” (p. 200). The correct answer is C.

Kugelmass will be projected into the book and will have an affair with the female character in the book, which again Kugelmass does not believe. However, he gives it a try and wants to be projected into the novel Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert to have a relationship with Emma Bovary. The correct answer is D.

Kugelmass is projected into a Spanish Grammar book and is chased by an irregular Spanish verb “tener” which means to have. The correct answer is D.

He always wants to get into the book before page 120 where Emma meets Rudolpho as he believes Rudolpho to be a very handsome Casanova who is skilled at pleasing women. The relation of the couple maintains its harmony until Emma wants to go to New York with Kugelmass. The correct answer is C.

Having started his career by writing jokes for newspapers, Allen did not stop adding comic elements to his fiction. Humor is an inseparable part of his writings. Moreover, he uses daily speech frequently in his writings. His literature is a good example of American humor. Moreover, both his films and literature are considered to be examples of postmodernism employing most of the postmodern techniques, particularly parody

Originally a theory of architecture, postmodernism has its roots in the post-World War II period. Postmodernism later influenced philosophy, art, literature, film, and culture. Although the exact time that it began as a movement is not clear, it is usually believed that it is a reaction to the loss of meaning after WWII and a reaction to modernist attitude. Actually, postmodernism is a continuation of modernism, a literary movement that dominated the literary world between the late nineteenth century and 1940s, and makes use of most of the characteristics of modernism. Therefore, in order to understand what postmodernism is, one should have at least a basic understanding of modernism

The techniques for parody summarized by Sturtevant (2012) are:
• Reiteration: the connection to the parodied text is established by using objects or other devices such as horses to evoke western or handheld cameras to evoke documentary.
• Inversion: using the element in the original text in an original way
• Misdirection: the conventions of the source text are used to create a set of expectations in the spectator which are then reversed or transformed by the parody
• Literalization: “a technique that takes a naïve approach to the source text, as though it were readable only literally and not through the lens of the convention. For example “in Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993) when Robin cries out to the crowd “Lend me your ears,” at which point the crowd starts throwing actual ears at him”.
• Extraneous inclusion: elements that do not belong in a conventional generic image in order to render it strange. [for example, the mobile phone used in AROG)
• Exaggeration: takes an aspect of the source text and renders it absurd through
excessive emphasis.

The story opens in a psychoanalyst’s office. Professor Sidney Kugelmass is complaining about his life and is disappointed that his marriage to his second wife Daphne did not turn out to be what he had expected. He actually married Daphne because he had to pay high alimony to his ex-wife Flo, and Daphne had money. He confesses to his analyst Dr. Mandel that what he needs is a romantic relationship to which the analyst objects because the analyst believes that a romantic relationship would be a superficial solution to Kugelmass’s deeper problems.