İNGİLİZ/AMERİKAN EDEBİYATI I - Deneme Sınavı - 25

Fragmentation, in its basic meaning, refers to a discontinuation in the narrative line in literature. One technique that is frequently used for fragmentation is stream of consciousness, which refers to a flow of thoughts and images, which may not always appear to have a coherent structure or cohesion. The plot line may weave in and out of time and place, carrying the reader through the life span of a character or further along a timeline to incorporate the lives (and thoughts) of characters from other time periods.

The techniques for parody are:

• Reiteration: the connection to the parodied text is established by using objects or other devices such as horses to evoke western or handheld cameras to evoke documentary.

• Inversion: using the element in the original text in an original way

• Misdirection: the conventions of the source text are used to create a set of expectations in the spectator which are then reversed or transformed by the parody

• Literalization: a technique that takes a naïve approach to the source text, as though it were readable only literally and not through the lens of convention. 

• Extraneous inclusion: elements that do not belong in a conventional generic image in order to render it strange. 

• Exaggeration: takes an aspect of the source text and renders it absurd through excessive emphasis.

Pastiche is a technique that brings multiple elements together. It can be a combination of genres like combining a horror story with a historical one, or combining fantasy with psychological story. One another use of pastiche is in language, bringing several different discourses together in a narrative such as the use of street language, combining it with the language of law etc.

Kugelmass wants to be projected into the novel Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert to have a relationship with Emma Bovary.

After Emma is sent back to Yonville safely, Kugelmass comes back to Persky’s apartment and wants to be projected into Portnoy’s Complaint, an erotic book to have sex and romance this time. As Kugelmass gets into the cabinet, the book is thrown in, and Persky taps the cabinet for three times. Something goes wrong and the cabinet explodes killing Persky. Kugelmass is projected into a Spanish Grammar book and is chased by an irregular Spanish verb “tener” which means to have.

“The Kugelmass Episode” is a parody of both modern American and Jewish society and through the central character Professor Sidney Kugelmass explores one of the central conflicts of the modern consumer society: dissatisfaction.

Kugelmass always wants to get into the book before page 120 where Emma meets Rudolpho as he believes Rudolpho to be a very handsome Casanova who is skilled at pleasing women.

Coming from a Jewish family who immigrated from Germany, Woody Allen was born in Brooklyn, New York with the original name Allen Steward Königsberg.

Both his films and literature are considered to be examples of postmodernism employing most of the postmodern techniques,

The text makes the readers to expect Emma to be sent and the tension to be resolved. Emma is sent back; however her departure serves only as an anticlimax where something which would appear to be difficult to solve in a plot is solved through something trivial. Her departure does not make Kugelmass make peace with himself and learn from his mistakes. Emma’s departure would be a too simple solution to Kugelmass’ conflict.

The story is overtly intertextual borrowing one of the central characters and the theme of dissatisfaction from another literary work.

One basic innovation that modernism brings in literature is fragmentation.

One technique that is frequently used for this purpose is stream of consciousness, which refers to “a flow of thoughts and images, which may not always appear to have a coherent structure or cohesion.

Modernism and postmodernism’s attitudes towards life are also quite different. Modernism is a movement that reaches its peak during the World War I. Having experienced the severe damage that the war had caused, the modernists developed a very pessimistic attitude towards life. Therefore, they saw little meaning in life and lamented the fragmentation. Post modernism on the other hand, does not have a pessimist attitude. Although the postmodernists also witnessed a severe war, that is World War II, they realized that people and art have no power to change it, and people have no control over the world. Therefore, instead of lamenting the outcomes of the new world order, they found refuge in playfulness, that is they believed that in order to survive in a chaotic world one has to play with that world. One of the basic techniques that the postmodernists used and still use to play is parody. Parody “imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work in order to make fun of those same features”.

The techniques for parody summarized by Sturtevant (2012) are:
• Reiteration
• Inversion
• Misdirection
• Literalization
• Extraneous inclusion
• Exaggeration

A professor notices that Emma is gone from the book and he comments that rereading classics gives the readers a new experience each time.

Persky’s entrance is significant in that it starts the rising action increasing suspense with his promise of introducing Kugelmass to a whole new world of romantic experience.

The known date and place of birth of Daniel Defoe is 1661, London.

Defoe wrote the novel 'Robinson Cruzoe' when he was fifty eight years old.

Especially the realism and the use of daily language in Defoe’s works served well to the taste of the middle classes.