INFORMATİON TECHNOLOGİES

Data are unprocessed collection of raw facts gathered from various sources explicitly or implicitly. Data can be divided into two different types: categorical and numerical. Categorical data can be sorted into the categories of values or observations and grouped as nominal or ordinal. The main difference between these two groups, in the ordinal data, the categories are in certain orders. Unlike numerical data, categorical data cannot be measured. Numerical data is
divided into two types: discrete and continuous. For discrete data, values are countable and can only take particular values. There is a clear separation
between different possible values. Continuous data are not restricted to defined distinct values.

Besides being hierarchical, the figure is pyramidal, in that data are plentiful whereas wisdom is limited and even almost nonexistent. While the understanding increases from data to wisdom, the context decreases. While the three underlying concepts of this hierarchy are related to the past, the fourth
and top concept, which is wisdom, is relevant to the future, and it is essence of philosophical probing.

If data is characterized as recorded facts, then information is the set of patterns, or expectations underlying the data. Knowledge can be described as the accumulation of the set of expectations and wisdom as the value attached to knowledge.

Real numbers are represented by floating point numbers that consist of mantissa (fractional part) and exponent (designates the position of the radix point). The floating point standard is defined by IEEE 754 (International Standard for
Floating-Point Arithmetic). 4-byte version is called as single precision, and 8-byte version is called double precision.

Organize: This step is related to providing the appropriate format of data to be used for further processes. It is the formatting process of the data including copying, sorting, grouping, or arranging it in a more convenient way for input. Verification of the collected data is handled in this stage.

Processing and storage
• Manipulate
• Change
• Storage
• Primary storage: RAM, ROM, Cache
• Secondary storage: Hard disk
• Tertiary storage: Optical disk
• Off-line storage: USB flash drive

The main benefits of e-business:
• Reducing operating costs of business and its
processes and avoiding consumption,
• Increasing market opportunity (Faster access to the market and customer trends),
• Fast access to customers: enabling them to access the information about products or services they need at any time (7/24),
• Elimination of processing errors,
• Strengthening internal management,
• Supply chain management: Provide uninterrupted (continuous) supply chain,
• Reduction of sales cycles,
• Increasing visibility,
• Communication improvements,
• Predicting the fall in the probable life curve of product.

Mainframe: A very powerful multi-user computer that can support thousands of
users at the same time.

An interrupt is a signal to the processor released by hardware or software that
indicates a particular event requiring immediate attention.

The third generation: Integrated Circuits (1964- 1971): The computers belonging to the third generation used integrated circuits instead of transistors.

Computer hardware basically corresponds to the physical parts of the computer that one can physically touch.The components of computer hardware are case, mainboard, central processing unit, system memory, hard disk drive, optical disk drive, power supply, monitor, mouse, printer and keyboard.

While the three underlying concepts of this hierarchy are related to the past, the fourth and top concept, which is wisdom, is relevant to the future, and it is essence of philosophical probing.

In computer systems, these data can be collected using various input devices such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone, digital camera, touchpad etc.

Transmit/Receive: This step is related to the transfer of data and information within the system or between the systems.

Display: It is the process of presenting the information to the user in an appropriate format. In computer systems, information can be displayed using various output devices such as printer, monitor, projector, speaker, etc.

The main benefits of e-business: • Reducing operating costs of business and its processes and avoiding consumption, • Increasing market opportunity (Faster access to the market and customer trends), • Fast access to customers: enabling them to access the information about products or services they need at any time (7/24), • Elimination of processing errors, • Strengthening internal management, • Supply chain management: Provide uninterrupted (continuous) supply chain, • Reduction of sales cycles, • Increasing visibility, • Communication improvements, • Predicting the fall in the probable life curve of product.

The main challenges in e-business are: • Determining customer’s changing needs, • Organizational structure, • The high speed of the development of IT, • Integration of the front and back-end systems of the organization, • A lack of qualified human resources, • The complexity of ensuring security, Growing competition, • Effective and efficient customer service (high availability, ease of use, personalized systems), • High quality access, • Expensive infrastructure of information system.

Microcomputer: It is also called as personal computer (PC). PC is usually used by single person at home, office and business environments. Nowadays, it is the most common type of computer. PC can be in the form of desktop, laptop or tablet form.

Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions (or more) per second using parallel processing. They are often used for very complex calculations in science and engineering problems.

The computers belonging to the third generation used integrated circuits instead of transistors. These computers were smaller in size, more reliable, faster and more efficient than the previously developed ones. In this generation, remote processing, high level programming languages, multiprogramming operating system were used.

The fourth generation computers used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. Hundreds or even thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip to form a microprocessor.